AHD5-美國傳統詞典導讀
原版權:《美國傳統字典5.附表》AHD5
The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots
【聲明】漢化者#周亞亞, 范航, 吳建新, 丁朝陽, 丁聚崗.
20220214 上海唐川英語
【圖例】1英語三種源頭:
1)←from日耳曼+古英語 1195+1062;
2)←from拉丁語 1029 ;
3)←from希臘語 645 ;
【圖例】中大博3階段是重點，涂色+有配音:
a)小初= 詞頻<3000, 例詞數2676;
b)高大= 詞頻<6000, 例詞數2054;
c)碩博= 詞頻<12k, 例詞數3109;
d)出國= 詞頻50k~100k, 例詞數9168;
e)生僻(無配音+無翻譯), 例詞數>7670 ;
AHD5詞源統計 ； 例詞數； 占比%
else 計數 ； 1152； 0.1122
古英語+日耳曼； 1524； 0.1484
拉丁語 計數； 5388； 0.5246
希臘語 計數 ； 2179； 0.2122
總計數----- ； 10270； 1
AHD5為框架, 插入：
AHD5大眾版, 比AHD3專業版 刪減了717詞根。我找回 關注其中例詞最多的100個，另外關注語義關聯的印歐根。

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印歐詞根目錄;

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【時態詞源】he 其它will 愿望have 抓有been 存在 is 是存在are 是起動doing 做事that 那指now 新近.

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【AHD5本詞典的重點后綴】
-gen 親生;-gam 結婚;-gyn 女人;
-graphy 圖畫；-scopy 視野；
-metry 米度量；-nomy 計數字；
-pod 跑踏腳；-fold 倍疊； -stat 站立；
-some 相同；-logy 邏輯；
-less 松散；-ly 像似；

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我愛 高頻詞52：
the, that, they, this, their, there, to, of, be, and, in, an, one, it, he, his, her, have, for, from, I, on, with, you, as, all, do, at, by, not, but, about, out, we , will, can, what, which, when, who, she, is, was, more, say, so, if, time, make, my, up, go, get
難解詞源：I, you, or, so, not, get, to, do,
鄰近分離：of(off-, ap-, ab-), with, on, so(se-, swe), to(de-)

高頻詞-漢化:

專業術語	xxxx	xxx	專業術語	xxxx	xxx
zero-grade form	零級 形式	416	o-grade form	o級 形式	262
full-grade form	全級 形式	37	lengthened-grade form	加長級 形式	35
e-grade form	e級 形式	7	Suffixed form	帶后綴 形式：	795
Suffixed	帶后綴的	582	Derivatives include	派生詞 包括：	212
Oldest form	最初 形式：	3	colored to	變形 為：	3
compound	復合詞	205	Variant form	變化形式	108
Basic form	基本形式	105	extend form	擴展形式	134
combining form	合并形式	17	combining form	合并形式	17
contracted from	縮減自：	22	contracted to	縮減成為：	22
Reduce form	縮短形式	4	participle, participial	分詞, 部分概念	73
causative	使役動詞	23	stative	狀態動詞的	25
Nasalized form	鼻音形式	17	基本形式:	基本形式	102
reduplicated form	重疊形式	27	Metathesized form	變位形式	5
comparative form	比較級	25
←froma source akin to	源自近親于	27	possibly from	可能源于	35
combining form	合并形式	19	intensive prefix	加強的 前綴	25
denominative	名詞派生的	44	centum languages	(K類語, 顎音)	106
←from	源自...	5538
Germanic	←from日耳曼	1195	Old English	←from古英語	1062
Latin	←from拉丁語	1029	Greek	←from希臘語	645
Old Norse	古挪威語	165	Old High German	高地德語	150
Middle Dutch	古荷蘭語	102	Sanskrit	梵語	92
Old French	古法語	90	Middle English	中古英語	54
Russian	俄語	25	Old Irish	古愛爾蘭	22
Low German	低地德語	18	Old Persian	古波斯	12
Italian	意大利語	10	Persian	波斯語	9
Old North French	古北法語	9	Dutch	荷蘭語	9
Old Iranian	伊朗語	8	Compare	對比	7
Old Church Slavonic	古教會斯拉夫語	7	Medieval Latin	中世拉丁	7
Old Russian	古俄語	6	Welsh	威爾士	6
Vulgar Latin	通俗拉丁語	3

001.bak-:棍棒撐強 Staff used for support .(根:, bac, bail, bec, bag, peg).
002.bel-:霸龍茂盛 Strong .(根:bil, Bol).
003.b?ā-1:發光照耀 To shine .(根:phant, phan, fan, phas, band, bann, berr, pant, phos, phen, phot).
004.b?ā-2:發聲說話 To speak .(根:phon, ban, fess, fab, fam, phem, fan, fat, phe, fa, phas).
005.b?a-b?ā-:豆豆 Broad bean .(根:bean).
006.b?ad-:好真棒 Good .(根:bat, boot, good, bet, best).
007.b?ag-:分享掰開 To share out , apportion , also to get a share .(根:phag, pag).
008.b?āg?u-:手臂樹枝 Arm .(根:bough).
009.b?āgo-:櫸樹發散 Beech tree .(根:book, beech, buck).
010.b?ard?-ā-:胡須發散 Beard .(根:barb, beard, berd).
011.b?ars-2:大麥須芒 Barley .(根:far, barn).
012.b?au-:棒梆敲打 To strike .(根:but, beat, fut, batt, beet, foot).
013.b?eg?-:逃跑害怕 To run . (根:beck).
014.b?ei-:蜜蜂蜇 A bee .(根:bee).
015.b?eid-:蟲咬撕裂 To split ;(根:bit, boat, fiss, bait, vent, bet).
016.b?eid?-:堅釘信賴 To trust , confide , persuade .(根:fid, feder, faith, fi, bid, fy, feal).
017.b?el-1:發光閃亮 To shine , flash , burn ; shining white and various bright colors .(根:flam, blind, black, flamm, blink, flag, fulg, blu, blank, flav, blanc, blend, phleg, bleak, blond, blush, phlog, blaz, fulm, blem).
018.b?el-2:吹鼓氣球 To blow , swell ;(根:fla, ball, bal, bla, boll, bold, bowl, bull, foll, fool, phall, bawd, boul, bulk, bul, ful).
019.b?el-3:花開茂盛 To thrive , bloom .(根:flor, foli, flower, blood, bloom, bles, foil, bleed, flour, phyll, bloss, blad, fer).
020.b?elg?-:鼓風膨脹 To swell .(根:bell, bill, budg, bolst, bulg, bla).
021.b?end?-:繃緊綁定 To bind .(根:band, bend, bind, bund, bond, bin, bon).
022.b?er-1:抱負攜帶 To carry ; also to bear children .(根:fer, bear, phor, Fortun, fert, pher, bir, bor, burd, br, probr, fort, furt, bar, bur).
023.b?er-3:棕熊海貍 Bright , brown .(根:brown, burn, brun).
024.b?er?g-:白亮白樺 To shine ; bright , white .(根:bright).
025.b?erg?-1:買入埋藏 To hide , protect .(根:borr, barg, bur).
026.b?erg?-2:堡壘房力 High ; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts .(根:fort, forc, burg, bourg, berg, bar, fry).
027.b?es-2:噗呼吸 To breathe .(根:psycho, psych).
028.b?eud?-:覺醒佛氣 To be aware , to make aware .(根:bid, bod, bud, bot).
029.b?eu?-:生長存活 To be , exist , grow .(根:physi, bound, phyl, futur, build, phyt, bor, boom, boor, bump, bust, band, beam, bear, bood, phu).
030.b?eug-3:彎躬苯環 To bend ;; bent , pliable , or curved objects .(根:bow, bog, bag, bux).
031.b?lē-2:吹氣膨脹 To blow .(根:flat, blast, blow, flav, fl, blad, blas).
032.b?leu-:鼓脹溢流 To swell , well up , overflow .(根:flu, fluor, flux, fluct, fluvi, bloat, blu, flush, mell).
033.b?oso-:光禿空白 Naked .(根:bar, bers).
034.b?rāter-:兄弟分支 Brother , male agnate .(根:frater, bro, phratr, fratr, bull, bre, fri, pal).
035.b?reg-:掰斷漲破 To break .(根:frac, frag, break, frang, fring, brash, brok, bre, breach, frain, brak, fray).
036.b?reu?-:發熱冒泡 To boil , bubble , effervesce , burn ; cooking and brewing .(根:ferv, breed, broil, brew, breez, braz, brawn, fer, brais, bread, brood, broth).
037.b?rū-:眉鼻冒凸 Eyebrow .(根:bridg, brow).
038.pā-:爸咩保養 To protect , feed .(根:pan, past, feed, fur, forag, food, fost, fod, for).
039.pa?wr?:保養火熱 Fire .(根:pyr, fir, fier).
040.pag-:捆緊脹平 To fasten .(根:pag, pay, pact, vel, peac, pac, pal, peas, peel, ping, pect, vail, pax, pol).
041.pāl-:手平摸拍 To touch , feel , shake . Earlier *peh?l- , (根:palp, feel, pap, pult).
042.pan-:織布平板 Fabric .(根:pan, van).
043.pant-:寬泛全部 All . Attested only in Tocharian and 希臘語 .(根:pant, ).
044.papa:爸爸保養 A child's word for father (根:pap, pop).
045.past-:捆緊禁錮 Solid , firm .(根:fast).
046.pau-1:破貧少小 Few , little .(根:poul, pover, pau, ped, poor, puer, pool, pull, few, fin, pon).
047.pau-2:砍減計算 To cut , strike , stamp .(根:put, count, pav, pit, pe).
048.ped-1:根腳支撐 Foot .(根:pod, ped, foot, pecc, fet, pus, pessim, peach, pil, pair, feet, pawn, pion, plat, vamp, pog, pug).
049.pē(i)-:被批迫害 To hurt .(根:pass, pati, fiend).
050.pei?-:蓬松發胖 To be fat , swell .(根:pin, fat, pit).
051.peig-1:刻畫銼刀 To cut , mark (by incision) .(根:Pict, paint, pint, pig, fil).
052.peku-:破費財產 Wealth , movable property .(根:fe, pecul, pecu).
053.pek?-:成熟炒飯 To cook , ripen .(根:coc, pept, cook, cot, peps, culin, kitch, cuit, cut).
054.pel-2:平淡蒼白 Pale .(根:pall, falc, pal).
055.pel-3:多層重疊 To fold .(根:fold, ple, plic, ply, ble).
056.pel-4:皮毛包膜 Skin , hide .(根:pel, film, pell, fell).
057.pel-5:賣出鋪貨 To sell .(根:pol, bibli).
058.pel-6:撞擠推動 To thrust , strike , drive .(根:pel, puls, peal, pol, push, fil, ples, fel, vil).
059.pel?-1:填滿增加 To fill ; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude .(根:pol, ple, plet, plen, plur, fill, full, pleb, Pli, plent, plish, folk, plim, plus, ply).
060.pel?-2:平地廣場 Flat ; to spread .(根:plan, plast, plas, plain, field, floor, palm, pian).
061.pel?-3:城堡高地 Citadel , fortified high place .(根:pol).
062.penk?e:五指戳拳 Five .(根:quint, pent, fif, fing, quinqu, punch, fist, fiv, meter, fin).
063.pent-:腳走尋找 To tread , go .(根:pont, found, find, pad, path, punt, pat).
064.per1:前沖先到 Base of prepositions and preverbs : forward , through , (根:pro, prim, prov, priv, for, prob, per, pre, par, princ, furn, pries, prior, ford, fram, far, fra, prem, prid, fur, proof).
065.per-2:牽引碼頭 To lead , pass over . of per1.(根:port, portun, far, por, fer, petr, petri, porch, pie).
066.per-3:撲冒風險 To try , risk (< to lead over , press forward ) .(根:peri, fear, pert, pir).
067.per-4:撞擊擠壓 To strike . A verbal root belonging to the group of per? .(根:press, print, prim, pre, pri).
068.per-5:傳送賣出 To traffic in , sell (< to hand over , distribute ) .(根:preci, pret, pric, prais, porn).
069.perd-:放屁氣 To fart .(根:partr, fart).
070.per?-1:引產生產 To produce , procure .(根:par, per, sever, pair, partur, pert, fer).
071.per?-2:部件黨派 To grant , allot (reciprocally , to get in return) .(根:parti, par, part, port, preci, prais, pair, parc, peer, pars).
072.perk?u-:橡木果屌 Oak .(根:, ).
073.pes-:噴尿掛屌 Penis .(根:peni, pen).
074.pet-:飛沖向前 To rush , fly . Also pet?- .(根:pet, pter, pto, petu, feath, peat, penn, pinn, prop, pin, pen).
075.pet?-:傳播展開 To spread .(根:pass, pat, pas, pans, pand, fath, pet, pan).
076.peu?-:沖洗清凈 To purify , cleanse .(根:pur, pit, purg, pi, pour).
077.peuk-:尖刺點戳 To prick .(根:punct, point, pugn, pug, fuck, pung, poign, pink, poun, punt).
078.pezd-:放屁氣 To fart .(根:, ).
079.p?ter-:父親祖親 Father .(根:patri, father, patr, patern, petr, padr, pater).
080.plāk-1:平和愉快 To be flat .(根:pleas, plac, place, flag, plead, flaw, pelag, plank, plag, plic, ple, flake, flak, fluk, plea).
081.plāk-2:捶撞抱怨 To strike .(根:plain, plex, plec, pleg, fling, plang, plag).
082.plat-:平展廣播 To spread . (根:plant, pla, plat, flatt, plan, flat, platy).
083.plek-:編織復雜 To plait .(根:plic, ploy, plex, ploit, pli, ply, plect, play, ple, pleat, pl).
084.pleu-:流動飛行 To flow .(根:fl, fli, float, Plut, fleet, flot, flow, flu, fly, pneu, pulmon, flood, flee, flut).
085.pneu-:流鼻呼吸 To breathe .(根:pne, pneu, sneer, sneez, snore, snort).
086.pō(i)-:吧嗒喝湯 To drink .(根:pot, pois, beer, bib, bev, pos).
087.porko-:幼豬 Young pig .(根:porc, pork, farr).
088.poti-:水力勢能 Powerful ; lord .(根:poss, pot, pow, omni).
089.prek-:吹氣祈禱 To ask , entreat .(根:postul, prec, pray).
090.preus-:凍結燃燒 To freeze , burn .(根:frost, freez, prur, froze).
091.prī-:愛喜歡 To love .(根:fri, free, frai, fray).
092.pū?-2:膿包腐爛 To rot , decay .(根:fil, fuzz, putr, pur, foul, fog, pot).
093.dā-:開溝流時 To divide .(根:dem, tim, top, tid, demon, tip, tap, ted).
094.dail-:開溝流時 To divide .(根:deal).
095.daiwer-:夫之兄弟 Husband's brother .(根:, ).
096.dakru-:溝裂流淚 Tear .(根:, ).
097.de-:離此去彼? Demonstrative stem , base of prepositions and adverbs .(根:de, too, to).
098.deik-:講明教 To show , pronounce solemnly ;(根:dict, dic, dit, judg, digit, teach, dex, veng, dish, disk, dig, tok, toe).
099.dek-1:接收有文 To take , accept .(根:décor, disc, dign, dox, doctor, dain, doct, docu, dec, doc, dog, dex, heter).
100.dekm?:雙手十百 Ten .(根:cent, teen, centen, dec, decim, Dece, gen, ten, den, dean, hund, hecatom, dick, din, doy).
101.deks-:右手南方 Right (opposite left) ; hence , south (根:dex).
102.del-1:滴流長 Long .(根:long, leng, ling, loung, lend, cephal, loin, lung).
103.del-2:流傳說 To recount , count .(根:tell, talk, tall, tal, told, sed).
104.dem-:房門家院 House , household .(根:dom, domin, dang, dam, don, des, timb, dem).
105.dem?-:家房馴服 To constrain , force , especially to break in (horses) .(根:daun, dam, tam, domit).
106.dent-:牙齒狀 Tooth . *ed-ent- , biting(根:dent, tooth, odon, dand, tusk).
107.der-2:撕皮流淚 To split , peel , flay ;; skin and leather .(根:tear, der, tart, derma, tur).
108.derk-:毒龍眼看 To see .(根:drag, drak, rank, tarr).
109.deru-:年輪樹真 To be firm , solid , steadfast ; hence specialized senses wood , tree(根:trust, dur, truth, tro, tru, dendro, dry, tree, trim, tar, drup, trig, deo, ter, tra, try).
110.deu-1:流軟缺二 To lack , be wanting .(根:tir).
111.deu-2:做出動力 To do , perform , show favor , revere .(根:bene, dyn, beau, bon, bount, beat, bell, ben, bel).
112.deu?-:長久耐磨 Long (in duration) .(根:dur).
113.deuk-:牽鉛引導 To lead .(根:duc, ti, duk, tow, wanton, team, dou, due, taut, tug).
114.d?ē-:捏做放下 To set , put .(根:fic, fect, fac, fy, fact, thes, fit, do, feat, thet, fash, feas, them, feit, fet, cond, dee, far, doom, fair, tick).
115.d?eg??-:燒熱 To burn , warm .(根:fom).
116.d?ē(i)-:吮吸嗒流 To suck .(根:femin, feli, fili, fet, fem, thel, fe, fen, fawn).
117.d?eig?-:做放捏建 To form , build .(根:figur, fict, dair, fig, lad, faint, feign, dise).
118.d?er-2:纏繞牢固 To hold firmly , support .(根:firm, farm, thr, furl).
119.d?ers-:牢固大膽 To venture , be bold .(根:dar).
120.d?ēs-:神造節日 Root of words in religious concepts .(根:fest, fan, the, thusia, poly, theo, feast, fair, fet).
121.d?eu-2:流淌露水 To flow .(根:dew).
122.d?eu-3:流失死掉 To die . (根:dead, death, die, dy).
123.d?eub-:流落深潛 Deep , hollow .(根:div, deep, dep, dip).
124.d?eu?-:村鎮聚居 To close , finish , come full circle .(根:funer, down, town, dun).
125.d?eug?-:制作用具 To produce something of utility .(根:, ).
126.d?g?em-:糊泥造人 Earth .(根:human, hum, chthon, humil, hom, cham, homi, homin, humb).
127.d?g?(y)es-:昨天流逝 Yesterday .(根:yester).
128.d?īg?-:粘連固定 To stick , fix . (根:fix, fibul, dig, ditch, dik).
129.d?reg-:拖拉滑咽 To draw , glide .(根:drink, drench, drown).
130.d?reib?-:推驅流 To drive , push ; snow .(根:driv, drift, drov).
131.d?reu-:滴流垂落 To fall , flow , drip , droop .(根:drows, drip, drop, dreari, drizzl, droop, drowse).
132.d?ug?ter-:兒女吃奶 Daughter .(根:, ).
133.d?wer-:門口論壇 Door , doorway (usually in plural) . (根:fore, door, thyr).
134.dleg?-:忙碌 To engage oneself .(根:play, dulg, pledg, plight).
135.dn?g?ū-:舌言搭嘴 Tongue .(根:lingu, langu, tongu, ligu, ling).
136.dō-:給出 To give .(根:dat, tra, dit, don, dot, nt, dos, dow, nder, treas, dor).
137.dus-:錯惡壞 Bad , evil ; mis- (used as a prefix) .(根:, ).
138.dwo-:二兩分開 Two .(根:twi, dou, balanc, dupl, bin, dipl, dual, twe, du, bis, twa, two, duo, dodec, deu, doz).
139.dyeu-:光天日神 To shine (and in many derivatives , sky , heaven , god ) .(根:Di, de, journ, dei, divin, jovial, Ju, div, mal, diet, July, Tu, Ze).
140.tag-:觸摸碰搭 To touch , handle .(根:tegr, tast, tact, tang, tamin, tax, tain, tire, task, taxi, teg).
141.tauro-:凸公金牛 Bull .(根:taur, tor, Taurus).
142.tegu-:厚重凸粗 Thick .(根:thick).
143.tek-:生娃肚鼓 To beget , give birth to .(根:, ).
144.teks-:編織技術 To weave ; also to fabricate , especially with an ax ;(根:techn, text, tect, tle, till, tiss, toil).
145.tel?-:托舉支撐 To lift , support , weigh ;(根:lat, tal, toler, tla, tol, coll, phil, toll).
146.tem?-1:切割原子 To cut . (根:tom, tim, temp, tum, tem).
147.ten-:鉆爬伸展 To stretch .(根:tend, tent, ten, tain, tin, ton, tens, tenu, stain, tonic, thin, in).
148.ter?-1:轉磨鉆研 To rub , turn ;(根:tr, tour, trib, turn, trit, thres, throw, traum, dr, torn, trem, trim, thr, thread, trema, trog).
149.ter?-2:鉆穿傳送 To cross over , pass through , overcome .(根:tran, trench, thrill, trunc, truc, trunk, thor, tar, tri).
150.terk?-:扭轉折磨 To twist .(根:tort, thwart, tors, tor, queer, torch, torqu, turt).
151.ters-:山型島干 To dry .(根:terr, territ, thirst, torr, ter, toast, tars, fum).
152.teu?-2:凸出鼓脹 To swell .(根:tum, tuber, tomb, som, thou, thigh, thumb).
153.teutā-:凸聚部落 Tribe . DUTCH , (根:tot).
154.tkei-:躺睡住家 To settle , dwell , be home .(根:hom, haunt, situ, ctyon, civ, ham, cem).
155.to-:指代轉那 Demonstrative pronoun .(根:the, then, tha, though, thus, tho).
156.tolk?-:流傳說 To speak .(根:loqu, locut, ventri).
157.tong-:感想感謝 To think , feel .(根:think, thought, thank).
158.treb-:住房穿梁 Dwelling .(根:trab, trav, thorp).
159.trei-:三角傘尖 Three .(根:tri, test, thir, ter, thr, terc, trib, tre, trin, tern, tra).
160.trep-2:回歸轉向 To turn .(根:trop, triev, triv).
161.treud-:戳刺鉆擠 To squeeze .(根:trus, trud, threat, thrust).
162.tu-:你們你 Second person singular pronoun ; you , thou . (根:th, thee, thou).
163.gal-2:喊叫呱啦 To call , shout .(根:call, clink, gallin, Glagol, clat, glas).
164.gāu-:高興驚叫 To rejoice ; also to have religious fear or awe .(根:joy, gaud, joic).
165.gel-2:流冰冷酷 Cold ; to freeze .(根:glaci, chil, cool, cold, gel, jel, keel).
166.gemb?-:牙齒指甲尖 Tooth , nail .(根:gemm, comb).
167.gem?-:結婚嫁娶 To marry .(根:gam).
168.gen?-:肚生根親 To give birth , beget ;(根:gen, nat, gener, natur, kind, gent, genit, genu, na, germ, gon, king, ginger, gin, kin, gn).
169.genu-1:拐角結踝 Knee ; also angle .(根:gon, kneel, genu, knee).
170.genu-2:下巴頜 Jawbone , chin .(根:gn, chin, gen).
171.ger-1:集聚歸類 To gather .(根:greg, gor, cram, egyr).
172.gerb?-:抓撓刻劃 To scratch .(根:graph, gram, crawl, carv, crab, graft, glam).
173.ger?-1:長大變老 To grow old .(根:ger).
174.ger?-2:老鴰哭叫 To cry hoarsely ; also the name of the crane .(根:crack, cr, croon, geran, crow).
175.geus-:品嘗挑選 To taste , choose .(根:gust, choic, choos, chose).
176.g?ab?-:抓給授受 To give or receive .(根:hibit, habit, du, abl, giv, abil, debt, gift, deb, gav, deav, hab).
177.g?ans-:鵝叫呱啦 Goose .(根:gos, gand, gann, gans, gonz, goos, guns).
178.g?ē-:滾球射門 To release , let go ; (in the middle voice) to be released , go .(根:go, herit, hered, chor, gat, heir, gau).
179.g?eb?-el-:頭.抓 Head .(根:, ).
180.g?ei-2:冬天 Theoretical base of *ghyem- , *ghiem- , winter .(根:hibern, chimer).
181.g?el-1:喊叫發聲 To call .(根:yell, gal, yel).
182.g?el-2:閃亮發光 To shine ;; colors , bright materials , gold(根:gl, gli, chol, glit, glow, chlor, glass, glar, glaz, glanc, gild, glad, glim, gold, yell, gal, gleam, glos, fel, gul).
183.g?ed?-:收集抓起 To unite , join , fit .(根:gath, geth, good).
184.g?end-:抓住拿到 To seize , take .(根:pre, pris, get, hend, pred, got, prent, pren, guess, pres, priz, pri).
185.g?er-1:握合包圍 To grasp , enclose ; with derivatives meaning enclosure .(根:court, chor, gard, hort, gar, gird, carol, chard, choir, yard, hor).
186.g?er-5:愛不釋手 To like , want .(根:chres, greed, char, hort).
187.g?er?-:內藏臟腑 Gut , entrail .(根:chord, cord, chor, hern).
188.g?es-:抓爪手 Hand .(根:chir, geo, ger, gic, ss).
189.g?eslo-:手十百千 Seen by some as a base for words meaning(根:mill, milli, mil).
190.g?eu-:潑澆涌流 To pour , pour a libation .(根:fus, gut, chem, chym, gush, fut, found, fond, font, fund, fun).
191.g?eu(?)-:敬酒召喚 To call , invoke .(根:god, gid).
192.g?os-ti-:抓握留客 Stranger , guest , host ;(根:hospit, host, xen, ho, guest, hosp).
193.g?rē-:抓爬長草 To grow , become green .(根:grow, green, grass, graz, grew).
194.g?reb?-1:抓握緊 To seize , reach .(根:grab, grasp).
195.g?reb?-2:刨墓挖坑 To dig , bury , scratch .(根:grav, grub).
196.g?red?-:爬坡進步 To walk , go .(根:gress, grad, gree).
197.g?rēi-:涂抹油膏 To rub .(根:Christ, cream, gri).
198.g?rend?-:磙碾磨碎 To grind .(根:ground, chondr, grind).
199.g?wer-:女私縫風 Wild beast .(根:ther, fier, feroc, fer).
200.g?wīb?-:猛獸 Shame, also pudenda.(根:wom, wif, wiv).
201.gleub?-:撕裂劈開 To tear apart , cleave .(根:clev, glyph, cleave, cleav, smart).
202.gnō-:格物致知 To know .(根:not, know, norm, cogn, gno, Gnost, quaint, no, gnor, nobl, can, ken, cunn, noit).
203.gr??-no-:磙碾谷粒 Grain .(根:gran, grain, corn, garn, gren, kern, fil).
204.g?ā-:骨碌來去 To go , come . (根:vent, ven, veni, com, bat, base, basi, cam, bae, bet).
205.g?ei?-1:快生動物 To live . (根:viv, bi, zo, bio, vit, quick, be, vi, vitam, quiv, vict, vie).
206.g?el?-1:骨碌扔流 To throw , reach , with further meaning to pierce . (根:bol, ball, blem, parl, kill, vil, quel, bal, ble).
207.g?en-:女王家眷 Woman . *g?en-ā- . (根:gyn, queen).
208.g?er?-2:沉重骨碌 Heavy . (根:grav, bar, bari, brig, br, griev, grief).
209.g?er?-3:莊重感恩 To favor . (根:grat, grac, gree, gratul, bar).
210.g?et-2:說出 To say , speak . *g?et- . (根:, ).
211.g??ed?-:禱告說話 To ask , pray .(根:bead, fest).
212.g??en-:咣哐擊打 To strike , kill .(根:fens, fend, fenc, gun).
213.g??er-:嘭烹發熱 To heat , warm .(根:brand, therm, war, burn, Ger, fornic, furn).
214.g??ī-:絲線流長 Thread , tendon .(根:fil).
215.g??rē-:呼吸流 To smell , breathe .(根:breath).
216.g??ren-:狂想流 To think .(根:phras).
217.g?ou-:圈養牛 Ox , bull , cow . (根:bu, boy, bugle, cow, stroph, beef, bugl, bov).
218.kā-:熱情渴望 To like , desire .(根:char, whor, car, cher).
219.kad-:天降事變 To fall .(根:cid, cas, cad, chanc, case, cheat, ca).
220.ka?-id-:敲燒石灰 To strike .(根:cis, cid, sciss, ce, chis).
221.kai-:烤火加熱 Heat .(根:heat, hot).
222.kailo-:光熱神明 Whole , uninjured , of good omen .(根:heal, hal, hol, whol, hail, hale).
223.kaito-:荒野森林 Forest , uncultivated land .(根:heath, hoyd).
224.kakka-:吭哧嘈雜 To defecate .(根:caco).
225.kan-:雞叫呱啦 To sing .(根:chant, cant, cent, charm, hen).
226.kand-:光亮蠟燭 To shine .(根:cand, cens, cend).
227.kap-:手抓掐拿 To grasp .(根:cept, cip, cup, ceiv, cov, cap, capt, hav, catch, heav, cop, hawk, chas, heft, cab, cat, hoov, gaf).
228.kaput-:頭領帶隊 Head .(根:capit, head, chiev, chief, cipit, capr, capt, ceps, cad, cap, cip, chapt, catt, chef).
229.kar-1:硬癌艱難 Hard .(根:hard, ard, cancer, crat, canker, carcin, careen, crac).
230.kas-:火灰兔 Gray .(根:, ).
231.kat-1:垮塌向下 Down .(根:, ).
232.kau-:敲砍鋤草 To hew , strike .(根:hag, hack, cus, hay).
233.ked-:骨碌繼承 To go , yield .(根:cess, ced, ceas, ceed, cest).
234.keg-:鉤牙黑客 Hook , tooth .(根:hack, hook, heck).
235.kei-1:挖床圍城 To lie ; bed , couch ; beloved , dear .(根:civ, Shiv, cem, hid, ci).
236.kei?-:激啟動能 To set in motion .(根:cit, kine, cin, hest).
237.kek?-:排出糞便 Excrement .(根:, ).
238.kel-2:洞窟房屋 To cover , conceal , save .(根:color, cel, cole, cili, cult, hous, hel, hol, ceal, helm, holl, hal, cland, hold).
239.kel-4:卷列柱山 To be prominent ; hill .(根:cel, col, column, culmin, hill, hol).
240.kel?-1:卡路里熱 Warm .(根:cal, calori, cha, chal).
241.kel?-2:喊聲呱啦 To shout .(根:class, claim, clam, clear, clar, cili, haul, cil, clair, cal, chiaro).
242.ken-2:新穎嫩芽 Fresh , new , young .(根:Cen, cent).
243.kenk-1:結網捆綁 To gird , bind .(根:cinct, shingl, cinc, cing).
244.kems-:宣布喊唱 To proclaim , speak solemnly .(根:censor, cens).
245.kent-:刺戳中心 To prick , jab .(根:centr, center).
246.ker-1:牛角墻角 Horn , head ; with derivatives referring to horned animals , (根:corn, horn, cheer, cera, cerv, car, cerat, cornu, cerebr, cervic, cereb, crani, carr, rhin, gra, ker).
247.ker-3:抓爬生長 To grow .(根:creat, cret, cer, cresc, cru, creas, crew, Cre).
248.ker-4:炭火熱 Heat , fire .(根:carbon, crem, cer, crash, carb, hear).
249.kerd-1:心跳信熱 Heart .(根:cord, cred, cardi, cour, heart, gr, quarr).
250.ker?-1:翻滾炒飯 To mix , confuse , cook .(根:idio, roar, cras, rar).
251.kerp-:割韭薅毛 To gather , pluck , harvest .(根:carc, carp, harves, cerpt).
252.kers-2:跑流成長 To run .(根:curr, car, charg, cours, carr, curs, cur, corr, char, cour, cor).
253.kes-2:割據城邦 To cut .(根:cast, chast, cest, cash, qua).
254.keu?-:弓鼓洞房 To swell ; vault , hole .(根:cav, cumul, church, cel).
255.klei-:靠攏傾斜 To lean .(根:clin, clim, clit, cliv, lean, cli, clen, ladd, lid).
256.kleu-:耳聽呱啦 To hear .(根:Slav, list, leer, loud).
257.ko-:其他那它 Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning this .(根:hind, hi, her, harass, he).
258.kō-:尖銳針掉 To sharpen , whet .(根:con, hon).
259.kob-:尖巧好運 To suit , fit , succeed .(根:hap).
260.kom:聚集共靠 Beside , near , by , with .(根:co, ge, contra, count, cata, cen, countr, nough).
261.konk-:掐脖吊死 To hang .(根:hang, hing).
262.koro-:戰亂慌忙 War ; also war-band , host , army .(根:hurr, harb, har, harri, harry).
263.kost-:骷髏骨硬 Bone .(根:cost, coast).
264.kous-:聽聲音 To hear .(根:hear, acoust).
265.krei-:尖銳審查 To sieve , discriminate , distinguish .(根:crimin, crit, cern, cert, cret, crin, cris, creet, crem, crec, crim, cre).
266.kreu?-1:生鮮 Raw flesh .(根:crud, cru, creo, creas, raw).
267.kreus-:尖硬結晶 To begin to freeze , form a crust .(根:crust, crystal).
268.ksun:協同 Preposition and preverb meaning with .(根:, ).
269.k?e:果裹滾圓 And (enclitic) .(根:quit).
270.k?ei-1:修復補償 To pay , atone , compensate .(根:pen, pun, pain, pin, poen).
271.k?ei-2:堆砌詩歌 To pile up , build , make .(根:poet, poe, onom).
272.k?ei?-:安靜退出 To rest , be quiet .(根:quit, quiet, quil, quiesc, whil, coy, qui).
273.k?eit-:白面小麥 White ; to shine .(根:white, wheat).
274.k?el-1:轱轆轉圈 To revolve , move around , sojourn , dwell .(根:cycl, col, cult, colon, cultiv, polar, tele, wheel, circ, pol, pul).
275.k?el-2:車行久遠 Far (in space and time) .(根:tele, ).
276.k?en-:女神皇后 Holy .(根:, ).
277.k?ent(h)-:困苦圈 To suffer .(根:path, pathet).
278.k?er-:塑造捏造 To make .(根:kar, kri).
279.k?es-:困苦憋悶 To pant , wheeze .(根:wheez, cyst, quar, quer).
280.k?ēt-:粘團揉捏 To shake .(根:cuss, past, scu, quas).
281.k?etwer-:粘團四方 Four .(根:quadr, four, quart, fort, quar, quarter, quatern, quarr, tetra, tess, qua, quatr, quir).
282.k?o-:果國哪個 Stem of relative and interrogative pronouns .(根:qui, quot, whe, who, cue, qua, whi, neuter, chees, qual, quan, why).
283.k?on-:圈犬狗 Dog .(根:can, hound, cyn, ken).
284.k?rep-:塑造型體 Body , form , appearance .(根:corpor, corp, cors, corpus).
285.k?r?mi-:蠕蟲蛄蛹 Worm .(根:carm, crim).
286.mā-1:成熟好 Good moment ; ( grow ) (根:matur, mat).
287.mā-2:媽娘奶 Mother .(根:mam, Ma, mom).
288.mag-:生產捏造 To knead , fashion , fit .(根:mak, match, mass, ming, mong, macer, made, mas).
289.mag?-1:能產魔力 To be able , have power .(根:mechan, main, mag, machin, might, may).
290.mag?u-:美人魚 Young person of either sex .(根:maid).
291.māk-:馬拉面條 Long , thin .(根:mac, mec, macr, meag).
292.man-1:泥捏凡人 Man .(根:man, men).
293.man-2:人手人力 Hand .(根:man, mand, mani, manu, mend, main, mann).
294.marko-:馬歇將軍 Horse .(根:marsh, mar).
295.māter-:母親 Mother .(根:mater, matr, mother, mat, matern, metro).
296.me-1:我自個 Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular .(根:min, me, Mo).
297.me-2:在中間 In the middle of .(根:, ).
298.mē-1:心想思量 Expressing certain qualities of mind .(根:mor, mood).
299.mē-2:度量米月 To measure .(根:metric, mens, meas, mensur, moon, Mon, menstru, meter, meno, mes, metr, men, metry, meal, agog).
300.mē-3:媽養大 Big . ( grow )(根:mo).
301.mē-4:磨鐮割草 To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe .(根:mead, mow).
302.med-:診療度量 To take appropriate measures .(根:mod, moder, med, medic, modul, medit, mold, must, mpt, modes, meet).
303.med?u-:品味蜜酒 Honey ; also mead .(根:methy).
304.med?yo-:中介元宇宙 Middle .(根:medi, mid, midd, med, mean).
305.meg-:生長重大 Great .(根:magni, master, mega, maj, maxim, may, Mis, majes, magn, much, magistr, mag).
306.mei-1:交換共產 To change , go , move ;(根:mun, mut, mad, migr, mis, mon, me, meat, miss, mutu, mean, mew, mo, amoeb).
307.mei-2:迷你小 Small .(根:min, minis, minut, minim, mince, mei, menu, minc, myst, Mio).
308.meig?-:泌尿水 To urinate .(根:mist, mict).
309.meik-:攪混搗碎 To mix .(根:mix, med, misc, miscu, mash, mes).
310.mei-no-:意圖悲憫 Opinion , intention .(根:mean, moan).
311.mel-1:綿軟糜滑 Soft ; softened materials (根:malt, bland, melt, mild, moll, mel, malaco, mutt).
312.mel-4:強狼貓汪 Strong , great .(根:multi, mel).
313.mel-5:錯亂壞騙 False , bad , wrong .(根:mal, vers).
314.mel?-:磨碎糜爛 To crush , grind ;(根:mol, mall, mill, meal, molu, moul).
315.melg-:擠牛奶 To rub off ; also to milk .(根:lact, galact, milk, galax, muls).
316.melit-:咸香爛甜 Honey .(根:mell, mouss, mild).
317.men-1:心想瞎懵 To think ; of mind and thought .(根:ment, man, monstr, mus, mind, mon, monit, mnes, minis, mat, mos).
318.men-2:山凸馬嘴 To project .(根:min, mount, mont, men, mou, menac).
319.men-3:剩余停留 To remain .(根:man, mans, main, mén).
320.men-4:孤單小廟 Small , isolated .(根:mon, min).
321.mend?-1:心算數學 To learn .(根:math).
322.meneg?-:凸出外多 Copious .(根:, ).
323.mer-2:卸磨殺驢 To rub away , harm .(根:mort, mors, mar, morti, mord, murd, mor, morb, bros, mare).
324.merg-:邊貿賣碼 Boundary , border .(根:mark, marc, marg, marqu).
325.meu?-1:流動摩滑 To push away .(根:mot, mob, mov, mo).
326.mizd?o-:報酬 Reward .(根:, ).
327.mori-:水澤湖海 Body of water ; lake (?) , sea (?) .(根:mar, mer, mor).
328.mreg?-u-:掰斷磨短 Short .(根:brach, bridg, mirth, brief, brac, brev, merr).
329.mūs-:鼠動肌肉 A mouse ; also a muscle(根:musc, mus, my, mous, meg, mur).
330.nas-:鼻音鼻子 Nose .(根:nar, nos, nas).
331.nāu-2:游泳航船 Boat .(根:navig, naut, nois, nav, nause).
332.n?d?er-:比較低 Under . U-BOAT潛艇(根:infer, under).
333.ne:冇匿不無 Not .(根:ni, no, negat, nihil, ne, negoti, null, neg, naught, annul, noth).
334.neb?-:云天水 Cloud .(根:nebul, nimb).
335.ned-:勾連結網 To bind , tie .(根:nect, nex, net, nod, noos, nou).
336.nek-1:匿亡黑死 Death .(根:noc, necr, nec, nox, nuis).
337.nek-3:腫瘤角凸 To reach , attain .(根:onc, near, neigh, nough, nigh).
338.nek?-t-:黑夜無光 Night ( twilight , of the morning and evening ) . (根:night, nigr, noct, nacht, Negro, equi).
339.nem-:磨減分數 To assign , allot ; also to take .(根:nom, numer, numb, nim).
340.nepōt-:子侄孫女 Grandson , nephew .(根:nephew, nepot, niec).
341.ner-1:北方低下 Under ;; also on the left = north .(根:Nor).
342.ner-2:安卓男孩 Man ; basic sense vigorous , vital , strong .(根:andr, ander, Nero).
343.nes-1:安全回家 To return safely home .(根:alg).
344.nes-2:我們家窩 Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the first person plural .(根:Nostr).
345.neu-1:喊叫發音 To shout .(根:nounc, nunci).
346.newn?:九數_1 Nine .(根:nine, ennea, nonagen, Novem, noven, noon, nin).
347.newo-:新生才在 New .(根:nov, new, neo, ner).
348.nob?-:中流臍帶 Navel ; later also central knob , boss of a shield , hub of a wheel .(根:umbil, nav).
349.nog?-:釘爪蝸牛 Nail , claw .(根:nail, ung, onyx).
350.nog?-:無裹即裸 Naked . *nog?-eto- , *nog?-oto- . (根:nud, gymn, nak).
351.nō?-mn?:喊叫名稱 Name .(根:onym, nomin, nomen, onom, nom, noun, nam, nown).
352.nu-:現在進行 Now .(根:now).
353.laks-:鮭魚三紋跳 Salmon .(根:, ).
354.las-:放任 To be eager , wanton , or unruly .(根:lust, list).
355.lau-:收益 Gain , profit .(根:lucr).
356.lē-2:放松流連 To let go , slacken .(根:leni, lat, last, let, lass, less, leg).
357.leb-:睡眼垂瞼 To lick ; lip .(根:lab, lip, lim, leep, lap).
358.leg-1:聚攏流說 To collect ; with derivatives meaning to speak .(根:log, leg, lect, logic, lig, legat, loy, lexi, lit, anth, coil).
359.leg?-:流淌躺床 To lie , lay .(根:law, lay, low, li, ledg, lai, lit, ly).
360.leg??-:輕飄飛升 Light , having little weight .(根:lev, light, levi, liev, leaven, carn, lief, lung).
361.s)lei-:流動 Slimy , Flow .(根:slip, slight, slick, slim, liv, lib).
362.leid-:滑稽哄騙 To play , jest .(根:lus, lud).
363.leig-1:粘連聯盟 To bind .(根:lig, li, ly, lo, leagu, leg).
364.leig?-:舔貼 To lick .(根:lech, lich, lick).
365.leik?-:離開去 To leave .(根:linqu, lip, loan, lict, lic).
366.leip-:粘留生存 To stick , ad?ere ; fat .(根:live, life, leav, lay, liv, lev).
367.leis-1:跟隨仿學 Track , furrow .(根:learn, lir, las, lor).
368.leis-2:留戀細小 Small .(根:less, leas).
369.leit-2:牽鉛撈車 To go forth , die .(根:lead, load).
370.lend?-2:開闊地 Open land .(根:land, lawn).
371.leu-1:流落漏失 To loosen , divide , cut apart .(根:solu, solv, ly, loos, lorn, los, loss, leas, lag).
372.leub?-:抬愛信任 To care , desire ; love .(根:liev, lov, lief, lib, leav).
373.leud?-2:自由生長 To mount up , grow .(根:liber, liv).
374.leu(?)-:流水沖洗 To wash .(根:lu, lav, lau, la, lo).
375.leug?-:連載圓謊 To tell a lie .(根:, ).
376.leuk-:流明看光 Light , brightness .(根:luc, light, Lun, lumin, lustr, limb, lust, lum, limn, link, lev, lux).
377.līk-:形體相同 Body , form ; like , same .(根:like, lic, lik).
378.lī?no-:棉麻連線 Flax .(根:line, lin, lign).
379.lūs-:虱子 Louse .(根:louse, lous).
380.re-:轉彎又繞 Backward . *wret- , *wert- , (< turned back ) , wer-?(根:re, red).
381.rē-1:財活真實 To bestow , endow .(根:re, rei).
382.rēd-:嚙齒啃刮 To scrape , scratch , gnaw .(根:ras, rat, ros, rad, rod, rap, raz, rostr, rash).
383.reg-1:流跑直走 To move in a straight line , (根:rect, reg, rog, regul, right, rul, dress, reck, rich, surg, raj, roy, orex, rak, ran, reign, sourc, ert, angul, rack, sorg).
384.rei?-:流跑河水 To flow , run .(根:run, riv, ran).
385.reid?-:流跑乘騎 To ride .(根:read, rid, raid, road, ray, rod).
386.reig-2:流跑伸到 To reach , stretch out .(根:reach, rig).
387.rep-:搶掠刮挼 To snatch .(根:rap, ravish, rept, rav, ravage, rapt).
388.ret-:轉繞n圈 To run , roll . *to-wo-ret- , a running up to(根:rot, roll, round, roto, prun).
389.reud?-1:鐵銹紅 Red , ruddy .(根:rub, red, robor, robust, rust, rubr, rob).
390.reu?-1:膨脹開闊 To open ; space .(根:room, ream, rust, rur).
391.reug-:攪云吐霧 To vomit , belch ; smoke , cloud .(根:reek, ruct).
392.reup-:挼破產 To snatch .(根:rupt, rob, rip, loot).
393.r?tko-:犁彎北極熊 Bear .(根:arct).
394.sā-:牙砸滋味 To satisfy . (salt)(根:satis, satir, sat, satur, sad, hadr, set).
395.sāg-:尋覓跟蹤 To seek out .(根:sign, seek, sagac, sak, shack, sack, heg, sag).
396.sak-:神味圣明 To sanctify .(根:sacr, saint, sanct, secr, xecr, sacer, sex).
397.sal-1:咸澀鹽薪 Salt .(根:sal, salt, sauc, silt, saus).
398.sa?wel-:太陽涌流 The sun .(根:sol, heli, sun, solar, sou).
399.sē-1:撒種播季 To sow .(根:seas, semin, seed, sow, semen).
400.sed-1:坐下去 To sit .(根:set, sid, sess, sed, cede, hed, st, sit, cess, ceed, seat, sad, sat, chair, soil).
401.seg?-:抓握吼住 To hold .(根:schem, schol, sthen, sever, school, hect, och, Sieg, eun).
402.sek-:刀鋸切割 To cut .(根:sect, sail, skin, Sax, seg, saw, sick, sec).
403.sek?-1:嗣跟社群 To follow .(根:soci, sequ, sec, suit, secut, sign, xecu, su, sic, seal).
404.sek?-2:隨看觀感 To perceive , see .(根:see, sight).
405.sek?-3:吐氣解說 To say , utter .(根:say, scold).
406.sel-4:跳騎種馬 To jump . ( spring )(根:sult, xult, sal, sault, sail, sali, halt, sili, sil).
407.sem-1:篩選一同 One ; also adverbially as one , together with .(根:sim, sem, sam, seem, hen, simil, hom, san, syn, sin, anom, som).
408.sem-2:流篩夏日 Summer . (根:sum).
409.sēmi-:一分為二 Half- , as first member of a compound .(根:, ).
410.sen-:老年圣人 Old .(根:sen, sir, sur).
411.seng??-:吐氣唱念 To sing , make an incantation .(根:sing, song, sang).
412.sent-:發送感覺 To head for , go .(根:sens, senti, sent, scent, send).
413.sep-1:品位高 To taste , perceive .(根:sap, sav, sag, sip).
414.septm?:七分 Seven .(根:Sept, seven, hepta).
415.ser-1:看護英雄 To protect .(根:serv, hero).
416.ser-3:連線系列 To line up .(根:sert, sort, ser, sorc, exert, sear).
417.seu?-1:種子兒子 To give birth .(根:son).
418.seu?-2:吮唆喝湯 To take liquid .(根:soak, suck, sop, suc, sup, sciut, soup, sip).
419.skand-:攀爬跳躍 To leap , climb .(根:scend, scand, scan, scans, sland, scal, scens).
420.skei-:學科拆分 To cut , split .(根:sci, ski, shit, shiv, schis, scind, sciss, skat, omnis, sheath, shed, shod).
421.s)kel-1:貝殼兩半 To cut .(根:scal, shel, sculpt, skill, shield, shelf, half, skil).
422.skel-2:義務應該 To be under an obligation .(根:, ).
423.s)ker-1:切割分享 To cut .(根:scr, cr, car, cor, cer, scar, scrap, short, sharp, scor, shor, skir, cur, scrub, shrub, screen, screw, shear, shirt, sheer).
424.s)ker-3:轉彎圓圈 To turn , bend .(根:circ, rang, rin, cr, search, crisp, curv, coron, crown, rank, shrink, ranch, ridg, ruc, curb, cir, kor).
425.sker-4:滾掉射出 Excrement , dung .(根:scor).
426.s)keu-:扣蓋掩藏 To cover , conceal .(根:cul, cut, coil, scur, cyt, hid, hos, custod, skim, hud, hut, sky).
427.skeud-:滾掉射出 To shoot , chase , throw .(根:shoot, shutt, sheet, shout, shot, shut).
428.skrīb?-:刻畫描寫 To cut , separate , sift .(根:script, scrib).
429.slēb-:虛弱懶 To be weak , sleep .(根:sleep).
430.s)lēg-:松軟懶 To be slack , be languid .(根:lax, slack, leas, langu, less, algo, lect, lish).
431.slei?-:藍色陰 Bluish .(根:liv, lav).
432.sleub?-:潤滑動 To slide , slip .(根:lubric, slop, slov, sleev, slip, sloop).
433.smei-:動容笑 To laugh , smile .(根:mir, marvel, mirac, smil, mirr).
434.s)mer-1:紀念回憶 To remember .(根:memor, mourn, memb).
435.s)mer-2:切分享 To get a share of something .(根:mer, merit, meric, meriz, meret).
436.snā-:游泳流 To swim .(根:nat, nes).
437.s)nāu-:游流營養 To swim , flow , let flow , whence suckle .(根:nutrit, nutri, nour, nurs, nurt).
438.s)nē-:針線縫 To spin , sew .(根:ne, nee, snood).
439.sneig??-:飄流雪 Snow ; to snow .(根:snow).
440.s)nēu-:筋腱勾連 Tendon , sinew .(根:nerv, neur).
441.so-:茲此斯 This , that (nominative) .(根:she, sic, the).
442.sol-:完整安全 Whole . (根:solid, sol, salv, sold, salu, sav, hol, saf, sag).
443.spē-1:蓬勃發展 To thrive , prosper .(根:speed, spac, sper, spair).
444.spek-:感受嗅看 To observe .(根:spect, spic, scop, sp, pect, spec, specul, skept, shop, spy).
445.s)pen-:噴絲懸轉 To draw , stretch , spin .(根:pend, pens, ponder, spin, pound, pois, span, spont, pen, spi, spangl, pain, pan).
446.spend-:發配掛靠 To make an offering , perform a rite , hence to engage (根:spond, spons, spous).
447.sper-4:散播噴撒 To strew .(根:spor, sprawl, spread, sprout, sperm, spray).
448.sper?-:踝骨懸轉 Ankle .(根:spur).
449.sreu-:流跑溪痢 To flow .(根:rhythm, stream, rrhe, rhe, rrh, strom, lite).
450.stā-:站起支撐 To stand ; with derivatives meaning place or thing that is standing .(根:sta, stat, st, stit, sist, ste, stant, stan, stem, stin, sto, stabl, stand, steer, stor, stay, stir, stern).
451.stāi-:石墩凝鼓 Stone .(根:ston, steat, stein, sten).
452.s)teg-2:釘牢鎖蓋 To cover .(根:tect, teg, deck, steg, til, thug, thatch).
453.steg?-:釘刺鹿角 To stick , prick ; pointed .(根:sting, stoch, stag).
454.steig-:針刺虎牙 To stick ; pointed .(根:stig, stingu, stick, stinct, stitch, tingu, tig, steak, tick, tiqu).
455.steig?-:樓梯支撐 To stride , step , rise .(根:st, stich, stair).
456.stel-:撐桿馬鞭 To put , stand ;; a standing object or place .(根:loc, stall, stol, stal, st, stalk, still, stle, stolid, stult).
457.s)ten?-:咚咚雷聲 To thunder .(根:ton, thund, stun, tonate, Thurs, torn).
458.ster-1:僵硬支撐 Stiff .(根:stro, start, ster, thro, torp, starch, stark, starv, star, stor).
459.ster?-:鉆穿散布 To spread .(根:struct, strat, stru, stri, str, stern, stre, stro, stroy, straw).
460.ster-2:火光星 Star .(根:astr, aster, star, stell).
461.streb(h)-:纏繞轉 To wind , turn .(根:stroph, strob).
462.streig-:劃擦戳揉 To stroke , rub , press .(根:strain, strict, stress, string, strik, streak, stria, stig, strait, strenu, strick, strok).
463.sū-:土豬土狗 Pig .(根:hyen, sock, soil, swin, hog, sow).
464.swād-:發甜愉快 Sweet , pleasant .(根:sweet, suad, suas, hed, suag, suav).
465.s(w)e-:自身咱 Pronoun of the third person and reflexive (根:se, idio, eth, sol, self, sed, ethn, solit, sip, sui, sur, selv).
466.sweid-2:發汗出汗 Sweat ; to sweat .(根:sud, sweat, ud, hidro).
467.s(w)eks:自分六 Six .(根:sex, hex, six, semes, sixti, sies, Sis).
468.swel-1:發水吃喝 To eat , drink .(根:swall, swill).
469.swen-:發聲說話 To sound . (根:son, sound, soni, sono, swan).
470.swep-1:發昏睡覺 To sleep .(根:hypnot, somno, sopor, somn, hypnos).
471.swer-1:發誓說話 To speak , talk .(根:swer, swear, swor).
472.swesor-:自家妹 Sister .(根:soror, si, cous).
473.swo-:自這樣 Pronominal stem ; so .(根:such, so).
474.syū-:綁縫繡 To bind , sew .(根:seam, sew, sut, hymen, ewer).
475.i-:移異這伊 Pronominal stem .(根:ident, iter, yond, id, it, ye, yet, if, yo).
476.yē-:投扔擠噴 To throw , impel .(根:ject, jac, jet, esis, heter, jact, eas, ene, jut).
477.yeg-:冰冷硬 Ice .(根:, ).
478.yek-1:講話吐氣 To speak .(根:jew, joc, jok, jeo, jug).
479.yē?kwr?:肝臟生命 Liver .(根:hepat, hepar).
480.yēr-:年季時段 Year , season .(根:hor, hour, year).
481.yes-:冒泡沸騰 To boil , foam , bubble .(根:yeas, ze).
482.yeu-:幼年活力 Vital force , youthful vigor .(根:you, jun, juven).
483.yeug-:約合生長 To join .(根:join, jug, joint, zygo, junct, just, jux, yog, joust, jost, zeug, yok, Yug, zyg).
484.yewes-:講理約法 Law .(根:jur, juris, just).
485.yewo-:谷物生長 A grain , probably barley .(根:, ).
486.yu-:你們 You .(根:, ).
487.wal-:強健有效 To be strong .(根:valu, val, valid, vail, valesc).
488.wap-:壞錯惡 Bad , evil .(根:ev).
489.we-:我們 We .(根:, ).
490.wē-:風吹嗚呼 To blow .(根:vent, wind, wing, wea, win, van).
491.web?-:風吹水波 To weave , also to move quickly .(根:wav, web, weav, waf, wob, hyph, gof, wef).
492.wed-1:雨水嘩嘩 Water ; wet .(根:hydr, unda, wint, ound, wash, und, wat, hod, hyd, wet).
493.wed-2:講話唱誦 To speak .(根:ody, com, od, edy, vad).
494.weg-2:威哥強壯 To be strong , be lively .(根:wak, vigil, watch, witch, veil, wait, vigor, wick, veloc, veg).
495.weg?-:車輪運輸 To go , transport in a vehicle .(根:vi, weigh, way, vect, vex, vey, wag, wig, voy, vehic, ochl, veh, weg, wain).
496.wei-1:筋線纏繞 To turn , twist ;; suppleness or binding .(根:in, iri, wir, with, war, viti, gar, vis).
497.weid-:眼看風火 To see .(根:vis, vid, view, wit, histor, idea, visit, prud, vey, wis, id, guid, vi, guis, idol, eido, gu).
498.wei?-:跟風追隨 To go after someting , pursue with vigor , desire , (根:viol, vit, gain, vim).
499.weik-1:家園村 Clan (social unit above the household) .(根:vill, eco, dioces, och, vic, bail).
500.weik-4:星期轉彎 To bend , wind .(根:weak, week, vic, wick).
501.weik-5:征服戰勝 To fight , conquer .(根:vinc, vict, vanqu, wight, vic).
502.weip-:振動搖擺 To turn , vacillate , tremble ecstatically .(根:vibr, wai, whip, wim, wip, guim, gim).
503.wekti-:事物生物 Thing , creature .(根:aught, not).
504.wek?-:喊叫發聲 To speak .(根:voc, vow, vok, ep, voic, vouch, ope).
505.wel-2:心愿將要 To wish , will .(根:will, vol, volunt, gal, weal, nill, vell, well, woul, wal).
506.wel-3:水源渦流 To turn , roll ;; curved , enclosing objects .(根:volv, hel, volut, wal, wel, volu, vault, valv, val, volt, vulv).
507.wel?-2:打擊傷害 To strike , wound .(根:vulner, Val, berda).
508.wem?-:嘔吐 To vomit .(根:vomit, eme, wam).
509.wen-1:冒險爭勝 To desire , strive for .(根:win, vener, wish, Ven, venom, Van, won, wean, wyn).
510.wen-2:冒險受傷 To beat , wound .(根:wound).
511.wer-2:氣升鳥飛 To raise , lift , hold suspended .(根:air, er, aer, aor, ari, aur, ar).
512.wer-3:宇宙纏繞 Conventional base of various Indo-European roots ; To turn , bend .(根:vers, vert, wr, wor, verg, rap, rhap, verm, ver, ward, war, br, peev, rhab, weir).
513.wer-4:察覺風火 To perceive , watch out for .(根:ward, war, gard, ver, or, lord, guard, ur).
514.wer-5:遮蓋 To cover .(根:ver, warn, warr, per, gar, garn, garr, bar, guar, oper, war).
515.wer?-3:言語說辭 To speak .(根:ver, rhe, iron, wor).
516.wē-r-:排尿嘩嘩 Water , liquid , milk .(根:urin).
517.wēr?-o-:真知驗光 True , trustworthy .(根:veri, ver, voir, war).
518.werg-:做功能量 To do .(根:erg, organ, urg, work, arg, org, wroug, wrig, irk, surg, vard, wark).
519.wers-1:戰亂最壞 To confuse , mix up .(根:war, wors, wurs, bad, guerr).
520.wes-3:住宿是家 To live , dwell , pass the night , with derivatives meaning to be .(根:van, Ves, wer).
521.wes-4:圍裙衣 To clothe .(根:vest, wear, vet).
522.wes-1:轉彎誹謗 To buy .(根:vil, pson, ven, vend, baz).
523.wes-pero-:日落西夜 Evening , night .(根:west, vesp, Hesper, Vis).
524.wesr?:春天復蘇 Spring .(根:vern, ver).
525.wet-1:風聲吹吹 To blow , inspire , spiritually arouse .(根:atmo, fan, van, vatic, Woden, Wedn, wood).
526.wet-2:年月流轉 Year .(根:veter, weth, vitel).
527.wi-:分二吹開 Apart , in half .(根:wid, with, vic).
528.wī?-ro-:男人風瘋 Man .(根:vir, virtu, world, wer).
529.wīkm?tī-:二十縫分 Twenty . Compound of wi- , in half , hence two , (根:icos).
530.wl?k?o-:狼聲 Wolf .(根:wolf, lyc, lup, wolv, lob).
531.wl?p-ē-:狐貍狼聲 Fox .(根:alop, vulp).
532.wō?s:你們 You .(根:, ).
533.wrād-:輻枝扎根 Branch , root .(根:radic, root, ram, rhiz, wort, rad).
534.ud-:突兀在外 Up , out .(根:ut, out, hyster, aus, ous, uit).
535.uks-en-:牟牛 Bull , ox .(根:urochs, ox).
536.uper:更高超過 Over .(根:super, suprem, sum, sopra, over, sur, soubr, sover, sir).
537.upo:在下往上 Under , up from under , over .(根:up, open, hypo, sub, supin, oft, vass, fug, val, ov).
538.ad-:鉆向到近 To , near , at .(根:amount, at, adjuv, ado, aid).
539.ag-1:抓夾干活 To drive , draw , move .(根:act, ig, ag, agon, eg, agog, ass, axi, exam, agit, og, say, fum).
540.ag?-2:白天辰光 A day (considered as a span of time) .(根:day, dai, dawn).
541.agro-:干活農田 Field .(根:agr, cult, acr, ager, egr, gri).
542.aik-1:渴望擁有 To be master of , possess .(根:own, eigen, eight, ow, aught, ought).
543.aim-:火影成像 Copy .(根:imag, imit, emul).
544.ais-:渴望欲火 To wish , desire .(根:ask).
545.aiw-:生命時光 Vital force , life , long life , eternity ;(根:ev, age, etern, top, aught, itern, Ayur).
546.ak-:尖酸刻薄 Sharp .(根:acr, ham, acu, oxy, acid, ac, edg, acerb, acet, eag, eg, aceti, agon, est, gar, hea, cr).
547.ak?-ā-:噴氣潑水 Water .(根:aqua, ewer, aqu, aqui).
548.al-1:高超 Beyond .(根:ulter, al, allel, alter, all, altern, ali, altru, other, ultim).
549.al-3:培養 To grow , nourish .(根:ol, alt, al, alto, adult, alumn, olesc, eld, alesc, old, il).
550.al-5:全有 All .(根:al, all).
551.alb?o-:亮白火 White .(根:alb).
552.alu-:巫魔醉酒 In words related to sorcery , magic , possession , and intoxication .(根:, ).
553.amb?i:兩邊周圍 Around .(根:amphi, ambul, ambi, amb, be, bi).
554.an-1:流動出現 On .(根:an, on).
555.an?-:鼻孔呼吸 To breathe .(根:anim, anem).
556.ang?-:鉤魚繩結 Tight , painfully constricted , painful .(根:ang, angu, anx, angin).
557.ansu-:神靈氣息 Spirit , demon .(根:, ).
558.ant-:在先前流 Front , forehead .(根:anti, end, vant, ante, anc, unt, anci).
559.apo-:放置分離 Off , away .(根:pos, pon, aft, po, pound, awk, off, vost, ebb).
560.ar-:生長適配 To fit together .(根:arm, art, ordin, harm, ord, rat, ari, arithm, orna, read, ert, orn, rit, ar, ordain, rhyme, reas, rid).
561.arg-:閃亮白銀 To shine ; white ; the shining or white metal , silver .(根:arg, argu, agr, Arj).
562.as-:燃燒發光 To burn , glow .(根:Ar, ard, ash, ass, aza).
563.at-:走轉年輪 To go ;(根:enn, ann).
564.āter-:發火光者 Fire .(根:atr).
565.au-4:感知聽音 To perceive .(根:audi, esth, obedi, obey).
566.aug-1:升高增加 To increase .(根:aug, author, aux, auc, wax, waist, nick).
567.aus-1:閃曬發光 To shine .(根:eas, aur, Eo, aus).
568.awi-:翱翔鵠鳥 Bird .(根:ov, avi, os, egg).
569.awo-:叔伯大爺 An adult male relative other than one's father .(根:av, ay, un).
570.ayer-:發亮早晨 Day , morning .(根:er, ear, or).
571.ayes-:發亮黃銅 A metal , copper or bronze .(根:es, er, or).
572.od-2:憎恨 To hate .(根:annoy, odi).
573.oi-no-:圓滿歸一 One , unique .(根:uni, one, on, un, ein, an, inch, eso, oun).
574.oit-:帶拿有用 To take along , fetch .(根:us, ut).
575.oktō(u):八闊 Eight .(根:oct, eight, Octa, octav).
576.ōku-:迅速 Swift .(根:, ).
577.ok?-:眼看光 To see .(根:op, ocul, ops, optic, eye, opt, oc, ow, opter, ocel, aug, og).
578.op-1:工作增生 To work , produce in abundance .(根:oper, optim, cop, opu, omni).
579.or-:大鳥飛升 Large bird .(根:or).
580.orb?-:流浪孤兒 To turn ;; change (根:orb, orph, orch, arb, rob).
581.ors-:轉身屁后 Buttocks , backside .(根:ur, ars, ass, irr).
582.ōs-:口說吹氣 Mouth .(根:or, oscill, oscul, osti, os, us, Aur).
583.ost-:骷髏骨頭 Bone .(根:ost, os, ostr, oyst).
584.aus-4:豎耳傾聽 Ear .(根:aur, ot, ear, or, aus).
585.owi-:綿羊 Sheep .(根:, ).
586.ed-:尖牙磕牙 To eat ; original meaning to bite .(根:ed, eat, es, fret, od, etch, odyn).
587.eg:俺偶我 I .(根:ego).
588.eg?s:逸棄外 Out .(根:ex, exo, extrem, extern, es, esch, str, exter, ect).
589.eg??-:喝呼嚕 To drink .(根:ebri).
590.ei-1:移走易變 To go .(根:it, ion, ish, count, jan, yan, en, ienc, issu, enc, ambi).
591.eis-1:走起火熱 In words denoting passion .(根:hier, estro, ir, irasc, estr, irat).
592.ek?o-:馬飛快 Horse . Probably to be segmented *ekw-o- , a(根:equ, hipp).
593.el-1:外拐前臂 Elbow , forearm .(根:limb, uln, el).
594.em-:分發減去 To take , distribute .(根:sum, sumpt, empt, em, mpt, ampl, empl, vint, om).
595.en:按摁隱流 In .(根:intern, en, intro, in, enter, entr, intim, inter, inn, intr, and, eso, indig, indu).
596.epi:在上方 Near , at , against .(根:even, epi, opi, ob).
597.er-1:顫動起來 To move , set in motion .(根:ori, ris, ar, horm, ort, rais, earn).
598.er-2:大地生長 Earth , ground .(根:ear, aar).
599.er?-1:劃船航行 To row .(根:rem, Rus, rud, row).
600.ers-1:在運動 To be in motion .(根:rac, err).
601.es-:動是存活 To be .(根:esent, sent, ess, est, sin, ent, be, ast, ont, yes, es).
602.e)su-:動是優秀 Good .(根:, ).
603.eu-:有物裹身 To dress .(根:indu, endu, redu, exu).
604.eu?-:無烏勿冇 To leave , abandon , give out , abandoned , lacking , empty .(根:void, wast, vast, vacu, vac, van, want, vain, vaun, wan).
605.eu?-d?-r?:突兀奶水 Udder .(根:uber, udder).
606.badyo-:黃光棕色 Yellow , brown .(根:, ).
607.band-:點滴 A drop .(根:, ).
608.bassus:低洼盆地 Low .(根:base, bass).
609.bat-:打哈欠彎 Yawning .(根:abash, bey).
610.bend-:弓背凸出 Protruding point .(根:pound, pond).
611.beu-:彎曲膨脹 to swell , bow , bag .(根:bull, buck, puff, bill, boil, pock, puck, bug, bouch, boa, pou, poach, bow, budg, bol).
612.b?ars-1:毛刺尖細 Projection , bristle , point .(根:bristl, bas).
613.b?asko-:法西斯綁 Band , bundle .(根:fascin, fasc, fascis, fess).
614.b?ē-:熱焙洗澡 To warm .(根:bath, bak).
615.b?ed?-:挖掘床窩 To dig .(根:foss, bed).
616.b?eg-:敲斷破產 To break .(根:bank, bang, banq, bung, bench, bunco).
617.b?ei?-:敲擊賬單 To strike .(根:, ).
618.b?eig?-:閃光 To shine . (根:, ).
619.b?el-4:哭叫敲鐘 To cry out , yell .(根:bell).
620.b?eld-:敲擊 To knock , strike .(根:bolt).
621.b?elg-:木棒橫梁 A plank , beam .(根:bauch, balk, phalang, balc, fulc).
622.b?el-u-:敲打傷害 To harm .(根:, ).
623.b?eng?-:厚重脂肪 Thick , fat .(根:derm).
624.b?er-2:切片邊沿 To cut , pierce , bore .(根:, ).
625.b?er-4:火烤油炸 To cook , bake .(根:, ).
626.b?erd?-:切割 To cut .(根:board, bord).
627.b?er?k-:閃耀發光 To shine , glitter .(根:braid, brid).
628.b?erg-:敲打噪音 To make noise .(根:bark).
629.b?ers-:快動 Quick .(根:fest).
630.b?es-1:揉搓 To rub .(根:sand, psil).
631.b?eug-1:排列艦隊 To flee .(根:fug, fugit, febr).
632.b?eug-2:享受快樂 To enjoy .(根:funct, fung).
633.b?lād-:崇拜 To worship .(根:, ).
634.b?lāg-:敲打 To strike .(根:flag).
635.b?lē-1:咩哞嚎叫 To howl .(根:fee).
636.b?lei-:吹氣鼓脹 To blow , swell .(根:, ).
637.b?līg-:沖撞擊 To strike .(根:flict, flig).
638.b?rag-:嗅探 To smell .(根:fragr).
639.b?rag?-men-:形式禮儀 Form , ritual form .(根:, ).
640.b?rei?-:掰斷切開 To cut , break .(根:frict, fric, fria).
641.b?rek?-:擠在一起 To cram together .(根:frequ, farc, phrag).
642.b?rem-1:低音咆哮 To growl . 低音咆哮(根:bront).
643.b?rem-2:爆炸突出 To project ; a point , spike ; an edge .(根:brim, broom).
644.b?res-:爆裂脹 To burst .(根:burst).
645.b?reu-:掰斷切碎 To cut , break up .(根:, ).
646.b?reus-:胸脹磙轉 To swell .(根:breast, brows).
647.b?rūg-:農業生產 Agricultural produce ; also to enjoy (results , (根:fruit, frug, fruct, fru).
648.b?ud?-:鋪底澆筑 (根:fund, found).
649.b?ugo-:男公雄起 Male animal of various kinds ; stag , ram , hegoat .(根:butch).
650.brāk-:褲子 Trousers . A northern European word .(根:brack).
651.bursa:皮膚藏護 Skin , hide .(根:burs, purs).
652.busk-:灌木 A bush .(根:bush, bus).
653.pāso-:親屬 Kinsman .(根:cide).
654.paus-:離開停止 To leave , desert , cease , stop .(根:pos, paus).
655.ped-2:容器 Container .(根:, ).
656.peg-:胸部 Breast .(根:pector, par).
657.peig-2:充滿敵意 Evil-minded , hostile .(根:, ).
658.peis-1:拍死它 To crush .(根:pis, pes).
659.peis-2:吹 To blow .(根:spir).
660.peisk-:魚水中飛 Fish .(根:fish, piscat).
661.pek-1:使美麗 To make pretty .(根:, ).
662.pek-2:剪羊毛發 To pluck the hair , fleece , comb .(根:cten, fight).
663.pel-1:灰塵面粉 Dust , flour .(根:, ).
664.pel(i)s-:巖石懸崖 Rock , cliff .(根:, ).
665.pen-:沼澤 Swamp .(根:, ).
666.perk-1:斑點的 Speckled .(根:, ).
667.perk-2:挖出來 To dig out , tear out .(根:long).
668.perso-:捆 Sheaf (of ears of grain) .(根:pras).
669.persnā-:腳跟 Heel . PEARL , (根:pear).
670.pik-:瀝青 Pitch .(根:pitch).
671.pilo-:皮毛包膜 Hair .(根:pil, pile, pluck, plush).
672.pīp(p)-:窺視 To peep .(根:pip, pigeon).
673.plē-(i)k-:撕裂 To tear .(根:flesh).
674.pleus-:羽毛飛 To pluck ; a feather , fleece .(根:plum, fleec).
675.plou-:跳蚤飛 Flea .(根:, ).
676.pō?l-:跌倒 To fall .(根:, ).
677.poti:反對轉向 Against , towards .(根:, ).
678.prep-:出現 To appear .(根:fur).
679.preu-:跳躍 To hop .(根:frog).
680.prōkto:肛門 Anus . PROCTITIS直腸炎 , PROCTODEUM , (根:proct).
681.pster-:打噴嚏 To sneeze .(根:, ).
682.pū?-1:吹吹噗噗 To blow , swell .(根:phys, pust).
683.puk-:濃密的頭發 Bushy-haired .(根:fox).
684.pūro-:一種谷物 A kind of grain .(根:, ).
685.p(y)el-:樹名 Tree name .(根:, ).
686.ferrum:鐵火光 I g (e)n-(根:brazen, farr).
687.Frankon-:法蘭克福 Frank (member of a Germanic tribe , (根:franch, Franc, frank).
688.dan-:丹麥低地 Low ground .(根:, ).
689.dānu-:多瑙河流 River .(根:, ).
690.dap-:賠償交換 To apportion (in exchange) .(根:demn, damn, dam).
691.dē-:綁定顫繞 To bind .(根:, ).
692.deig?-:滴答 Insect .(根:, ).
693.dek-2:頭發劉海 Referring to such things as a fringe , lock of hair , (根:tail, tack, tag).
694.del(?)-:分割雕刻 To split , carve , cut .(根:dol).
695.denk-:咬人鉗子 To bite .(根:tough, tang, zinc).
696.dens-1:意念力 To use mental force .(根:da).
697.dens-2:稠密黏流 Dense , thick .(根:dens, ur).
698.dep?-:郵戳刻字 To stamp .(根:liter, letter).
699.der-1:嘚馭跑流 Ass umed base of roots meaning to run , walk , (根:trap, drom, tramp, tread, trad, trip, trot, ter).
700.derb?-:纏繞 To wind , compress .(根:, ).
701.der?-:忙碌不停 To work .(根:drama, dra).
702.derg?-:抓握 To grasp .(根:targ, drach).
703.des-:外人 Enemy , foreigner , slave .(根:, ).
704.d?ab?-:編織整合 I d?eigh-(根:fabric, forg, deft).
705.d?al-:開花 To bloom .(根:thall).
706.d?eb-:稠密 Dense , firm , compressed .(根:, ).
707.d?ei?-:看看 To see , look .(根:sema, sem, semiot).
708.d?el-:中空洞穴 A hollow .(根:, ).
709.d?elb?-:挖掘 To dig , excavate .(根:, ).
710.d?emb?-:埋葬 To bury .(根:ep).
711.d?en-1:奔跑流動 To run , flow .(根:fount).
712.d?en-2:手掌 Palm of the hand .(根:, ).
713.d?er-1:渾濁黑暗 To make muddy ; darkness .(根:dark, trach, dreg, driv, tara).
714.d?er-3:嗡嗡 To drone , murmur , buzz .(根:od).
715.d?eu-1:聾暈灰飛 smoke , dust .(根:, ).
716.d?eub?-:楔子銷釘 Wedge , peg , plug .(根:dub).
717.d?g?ū-:魚游水 Fish .(根:, ).
718.d?g??ei-:流死去 To perish , die away .(根:, ).
719.d?g??er-:流逝世 To flow , move forcefully , with derivatives(根:, ).
720._d?lo-:工具格 See -tro- .(根:).
721.d?rag?-:畫劃 To draw , drag on t he ground .(根:draft, draw, drag, dray).
722.d?reg?-:流動滑跑 To run .(根:troch, truck).
723.d?reug?-:欺騙流失 To deceive .(根:dream).
724._d?ro-:工具格 See - tro- .(根:).
725.d?wen-:發噪音 To make noise .(根:, ).
726.d?wen?-:消亡死 To disappear , die .(根:eu).
727.dig?-:山羊 A goat .(根:, ).
728.dl?k-u-:香甜 Sweet .(根:dulc, gluc, glyc).
729.drem-:睡夢溜走 To sleep .(根:dorm, dormit).
730.dreug-:干土地 Dry .(根:dry, dri, drain).
731.dwei-:害怕 To fear .(根:din, dir).
732.tā-:融化溶解 To melt , dissolve .(根:thaw, tec).
733.tāg-:按順序排列 To set in order .(根:, ).
734.tak-1:保持沉默 To be silent .(根:tic, tacit).
735.tak-2:抓住接受 To take .(根:tak).
736.taw-:工具制造 To make , manufacture .(根:tool).
737.tek?-:流跑逃跑 To run , flee .(根:toxi, toxic).
738.tel-:地面地板 Ground , floor , boar .(根:titl, tell).
739.tem?-2:黑暗 Dark .(根:temer).
740.temp-:伸展 To stretch .(根:tape).
741.teng-:浸水污銹 To soak . TA1NT , TINCT(根:tinct, stain, taint, dunk, ting, tint).
742.tenk-1:事情延伸 To stretch .(根:thing).
743.tenk-2:凝固厚硬 To become firm , curdle , thicken .(根:tight).
744.tens-:延伸拖拉 To stretch , draw .(根:, ).
745.tep-:變熱 To be hot .(根:tep).
746.ter-:盡頭邊緣 Base of derivatives meaning peg , post , boundary(根:termin, term).
747._ter-:使動者 agent nouns from verbs.(根:, ).
748._tero-:比較級 Adjectival suffix of comparative , marking con-(根:).
749.terp-:取樂 To take pleasure .(根:, ).
750.teu?-1:注意轉向 To pay attention to , turn .(根:tut, intuit, tuit).
751._ti-:抽象名詞 suffix forming abstract nouns to Verbal roots .(根:, ).
752.tit-:滴答答 To tickle .(根:titill).
753.tkē-:抓住控制 To gain control of , gain power over .(根:check).
754._tlo-:工具格 See -tro- .(根:).
755._to-:完成態? Also -eto- , -oto- .(根:, ).
756._tor-:施動者 See -ter- .(根:).
757.trag?-:拖拉機 To draw , drag , move . (根:tract, trac, train, treat, trai, trail, tray).
758.trem-:嘚轉顫抖 To tremble .(根:trem).
759.trep-1:嘚轉顫抖 To tremble .(根:trepid).
760.tres-:顫栗恐怖 To tremble .(根:ter).
761._tro-:工具擰緊 Variant forms-tlo- , -d?ro- , -d?lo- .(根:, ).
762.trozdo-:畫眉鳥 Thrush .(根:sturd).
763._tu-:抽象? Suffix for ming abstract nouns .(根:, ).
764.twei-:搖動投擲 To agitate , shake , toss .(根:sei).
765.tweng?-:壓進去 To press in on .(根:, ).
766.twerk-:切割 To cut .(根:sarc).
767.gagina:反對 Against .(根:gain).
768.gal-1:光禿光亮 Bald , naked .(根:, ).
769.gal-3:有能力 To be able , have power .(根:, ).
770.gar-:哭喊關愛 To call , cry .(根:car, garr).
771.garwian:制作裝備 To make , prepare , equip .(根:gear).
772.gē:聚鼓蓋婭 The earth.(根:Ge).
773.gēi-:唱歌 To sing .(根:, ).
774.gei?-:發芽張開 To sprout , split , open .(根:kid).
775.gel-1:明亮流光 Bright .(根:clean, cleans).
776.g(e)n-:卷曲握拳 To compress into a ball .(根:kno, kna, kni, gnar, knu, nub, knead).
777.gep(h)-:下巴嘴 Jaw , mouth .(根:, ).
778.g(e)r-2:抓爪勾團 Curving , crooked ; hypothetical Indo-Europe-(根:cr, curl, creep, group, grap, cramp, crank, crook, crumb, crinkl, croach, cring, crouch, crimp, cripp, croch, carp, cart, crad, crop).
779.gerere:攜帶抓集 To carry , carry on , act , do .(根:gest, ger, gist, jest).
780.geu?-:催促 To hasten .(根:, ).
781.g(e)u-lo-:燃燒煤 A glowing coal .(根:coal).
782.g?ab?olo-:叉子 A fork , branch of a tree . JAVELIN , (根:, ).
783.g?āi-:張嘴瞪眼 To yawn , gape .(根:chasm, hisc, gap, chen, gasp, hiat, yawn).
784.g?(a)id-o-:山羊 A goat .(根:, ).
785.g?ais-:堅持猶豫 To adhere , hesitate .(根:her, hesit, hes).
786.g?aiso-:尖棍長矛 A stick , spear .(根:lic).
787.g?alg?-:樹枝棍棒 Branch , rod .(根:gauge).
788.g?azd?-o-:棒條支架 Rod , staff .(根:, ).
789.g?ei-1:推薦刺激 To propel , prick .(根:, ).
790.g?eis-:驚恐刺激 Used of the emotion of fear or amazement(根:ghost).
791.g?el-3:切割刺激 To cut .(根:, ).
792.g?eld?-:付錢忍痛 To pay .(根:yield).
793.g?eleg?-:金屬閃亮 A metal .(根:, ).
794.g?el?d-:冰雹閃亮 Hail .(根:, ).
795.g?elū-:烏龜 Tortoise . 烏龜(根:, ).
796.g?el-unā-:腮下顎 Jaw .(根:, ).
797.g?(e)n-:啃 To gnaw .(根:, ).
798.g?eng?-:走去散步 To go , walk .(根:gang).
799.g?er-2:呼喊問候 To call out .(根:, ).
800.g?(e)r-3:閃光黃灰 To shine , glow ; gray .(根:grizzl, gray).
801.g?er-4:刮抓碾壓 To scrape , scratch .(根:charact).
802.g?ers-:豬剛毛 To bristle .(根:horr, hor, hirsut, gors).
803.g?ēu-:哈欠瞪眼 To yawn, gape.(根:, ).
804.g?o-:代詞ko- ko-指示代詞(根:, ).
805.g?ō-:后面 Behind , after .(根:, ).
806.g?ow-ē-:尊敬榮耀 To honor , revere , worship .(根:fav, gawk).
807.g?reib-:握住 To grip .(根:grip, grope).
808.g?rem-:發怒 Angry .(根:grim, grum).
809.g?rēu-:刮抓輾軋 To rub , grind .(根:chrom, gru, grit, gravel, great, grout).
810.glad?-:光滑 Smooth .(根:, ).
811.glei-:黏土流 Clay .(根:glob, glutin, glu).
812.gleib?-:堅持住 To stay stuck .(根:climb).
813.glōg?-:喉頭蛄蛹 Thorn , point .(根:gloss, glot).
814.gras-:吞食 To devour .(根:gastr).
815.grat-:瘙癢 To scratch .(根:, ).
816.greut-:推擠壓縮 To compress , push . CRowd(根:crowd).
817.gru-:咕噥擬音 To grunt .(根:grudg, grunt).
818.g?āb?-1:沉浸下沉 To dip , sink . (根:bapt).
819.g?ād?-:下沉 To sink . (根:, ).
820.g?ēb?-:假設 Hypothetical base of some Germanic words(根:quaver).
821.g?ei?-2:壓制 To press down , conquer . (根:, ).
822.g?el-:展翅飛翔 To fly ; a wing . (根:vol).
823.g?elb?-:子宮 Womb . (根:, ).
824.g?el?-2:栗子堅果 An acorn . (根:gland).
825.g?el?-3:吞咽 To swallow . (根:glut, gul).
826.g?er?-1:山峰 Mountain . (根:, ).
827.g?er?-4:吞咽咕嚕 To swallow . (根:vor, bronch, gurgit, gorge, scrag, devour, craw).
828.g?es-:被撲滅 To be extinguished . (根:, ).
829.g?et-1:樹枝 Resin(?) . (根:, ).
830.g?et-3:心腸 Intestine . (根:bow).
831.g?ō-:圈養 To feed . (根:bos).
832.g?res-:肥胖厚重 Thick , fat . (根:gro, gross).
833.g?rī-wā-:后面脖子 Back of the neck . (根:, ).
834.gyeu-:咀嚼吃咬 To chew , eat .(根:chew).
835.kād-:遺憾悔恨 Sorrow, hatred.(根:, ).
836.kād?-:遮蔽罩帽 To shelter , cover .(根:hat, heed).
837.kag?-:抓住圍攏 To catch , seize ; wickerwork , fence .(根:haw, col, hag, choat, hedg, cul, hex).
838.kag?lo-:冰雹 Pebble , hail .(根:, ).
839.kaiko-:獨眼的 One-eyed .(根:, ).
840.kak-:有助 To enable , help .(根:, ).
841.kal-1:杯子 Cup .(根:calyx).
842.kal-2:美麗的 Beautiful .(根:cal).
843.kal-3:堅硬的 Hard .(根:callo, call).
844.kamp-:彎曲覆蓋 To bend .(根:camp, gamb, jamb).
845.kannabis:大麻 Hemp .(根:canv).
846.kap-ro-:頭羊雄鹿 He-goat , buck . 公羊，雄鹿(根:capr, caper, cabr).
847.kar-2:贊揚 To praise loudly , extol .(根:, ).
848.karlaz:男人 Man .(根:, ).
849.kars-:硬卡片 To card .(根:, ).
850.kās-:命令 To order, command.(根:, ).
851.kat-2:戰斗 To fight .(根:, ).
852.kāu-:燃燒 To burn.(根:cau).
853.kei-2:火光多彩 Refer .(根:, ).
854.keit-:明亮閃光 Bright , shining .(根:, ).
855.kel-1:敲打切斷 To strike , cut .(根:cl, gl, calam).
856.kel-3:加速轉 To drive , set in swift motion .(根:hold, celebr, holst, celer).
857.kel-5:刺痛 To prick .(根:, ).
858.kel-6:欺騙 To deceive , trick .(根:chall, calumn, cavil).
859.kelb-:幫忙 To help .(根:help).
860.kelp-:抓住 To hold , grasp .(根:, ).
861.kem-1:無角者 Hornless .(根:scant).
862.kem-2:壓縮 To compress .(根:, ).
863.kemb-:回轉交換 To bend , turn , change , exchange .(根:chang, cant, camb, hump).
864.kem?-:勞累 To become tired , tire oneself out(根:, ).
865.ken-1:開始行動 To set oneself in motion , arise , make an effort .(根:con).
866.ken-3:空白 Empty .(根:cen, ).
867.ken-4:假設 Hypothetical base of two similar Germanic(根:neck).
868.k(e)n?ko-:蜜月黃金 Yellow , golden .(根:hon).
869.keni-:塵土灰燼 Dust , ashes .(根:ciner, con).
870.kenk-2:饑渴難耐 To suffer from hunger or thirst .(根:hung).
871.kenk-3:腳后跟 Heel , bend of the lmee .(根:heel).
872.ker-2:擬音咔咔 Echoic root , base of various derivatives indicating(根:crepit).
873.ker-5:櫻桃 A kind of cherry .(根:cherr, corn).
874.kerd-2:工藝 Craft .(根:, ).
875.kerd?-:畜群 Row , herd .(根:herd).
876.ker?-2:傷害分裂 To injure , break apart .(根:cari).
877.kers-1:黑暗骯臟 Dark , dirty .(根:, ).
878.kert-:轉彎纏繞 To turn , entwine .(根:grid, hurd, grill, crat).
879.kes-1:抓撓 To scratch .(根:snug).
880.keud-:榮耀 Magical glory .(根:, ).
881.keuk-:亮白閃光 To be white , be bright , shine .(根:, ).
882.kēw-(e)ro-:北風 North , north wind .(根:show).
883.kīg?-:快速暴力 Fast , violent .(根:, ).
884.klā-:平鋪 To spread out flat .(根:lade).
885.klāu-:靠攏完結 Possibly hook , peg .(根:clos, clav, clus, clud, claus, clo, cloi, clef, clov).
886.kleg-:哭聲呱啦 To cry , sound .(根:laugh, clang, laught).
887.kleng-:連接轉彎 To bend , turn .(根:link, flinch, flank).
888.klep-:偷竊 To steal .(根:klept).
889.kleu?-:洗滌 To wash , clean .(根:clys).
890.kl??-wo-:禿頂 Bald .(根:calv).
891.kneig??-:依靠 To lean on .(根:conniv, nict).
892.kneu-:堅果鼓肚 Nut .(根:nut, nucle).
893.knid-:虱子卵 Egg of a louse .(根:, ).
894._ko-:后綴群類 See - ( i) ko- .(根:).
895.koksā-:臀部 Body part ; hip , thigh .(根:cush, cox).
896.kol?-mo-:蘆葦草 Grass , reed .(根:caram).
897.kon?-mo-:腿骨 Shin , leg , bone .(根:ham).
898.ko(n)kho-:貝殼 Poss ible word for mussel , shell fish .(根:conch, cochl).
899.kop-:打擊敲打 To beat , strike .(根:cop, hatch, hash, hoof).
900.kormo-:敲疼傷害 Pain . HARM , 斧頭砸？(根:harm).
901.koselo-:棒子 Hazel .(根:, ).
902.krāu-:隱藏 To conceal , hide .(根:crypt).
903.kred-:框架 Framework , timberwork .(根:roost).
904.krei?-:出類拔萃 To be outstanding , brilliant , masterly , beau-(根:, ).
905.krek-1:編織卷席 To weave , beat .(根:reel).
906.krek-2:蛙子魚卵 Frog spawn , fish eggs .(根:, ).
907.krem-:大蒜洋蔥 Wild garlic , onion .(根:ramp).
908.krem?-:停職 To be suspended .(根:, ).
909.kret-1:顫抖休克 To shake .(根:rath).
910.kret-2:打敗 To beat .(根:, ).
911.kreu?-2:推搡打擊 To push , strike .(根:rue, ruth).
912.kreut-:蘆葦草 Reed .(根:reed).
913.krō?po-:屋頂 Roof .(根:roof).
914.krut-:樂器 Musical instrument .(根:, ).
915.ksero-:干燥 Dry .(根:seren).
916.k?as-:親吻 To kiss .(根:kiss).
917.k?at-:發酵 To ferment , be sour .(根:, ).
918.k?ed-:磨礪 To sharpen .(根:, ).
919.k?ei-:擬音噓噓 To hiss , whistle .(根:whin, whisp, whist).
920.k?ei-3:感知視聽 To perceive , observe , with derivatives referring(根:cur, sur, cour, proc).
921.k?ek-:展現 To appear , see , show .(根:, ).
922.k?elp-:拱起 To arch .(根:gulf).
923.k?ēp-:快動翻炒 To smoke , cook , move violently , be agitated(根:vapor, cup, cov, vap).
924.k?ezd-:補丁小塊 A part , piece .(根:piec, patch).
925.carcer:硬塊癌癥 Enclosure , prison , barrier . *kar-kr-o(根:carcer, chanc).
926.caupō:小商人 Small trader .(根:cheap, ).
927.hlaupan:跳躍 To leap .(根:lop, leap).
928.hūlē:森林 Forest , timber , hence stuff , matter .(根:, ).
929.mā-3:水流潮濕 Damp .(根:moor, man).
930.mad-:潮濕食物 Moist , wet ; also refers to various qualities of food .(根:meat).
931.mag?-2:戰斗 To fight .(根:, ).
932.mai-1:切割 To cut .(根:maim, ant).
933.mai-2:弄臟 To soil , defile .(根:, ).
934.mak-:皮包 (Leather) bag .(根:, ).
935.mari-:婚齡女 Young woman .(根:marr, mari).
936.math-:多種昆蟲 Various insect names .(根:, ).
937.Māwort-:戰神火星 Name of an Italic deity who became the(根:Marc, marti).
938.mazdo-:桅桿 Pole , rod , mast .(根:, ).
939.mei-3:修筑工事 To fix ; to build fences or fortifications .(根:mun, mur).
940.mei-4:繩捆 To tie .(根:mit, Mitr, miter).
941.mēi-:溫和的 Mild . MITIGATE , 緩和(根:mit).
942.mel-2:黑色 Of a darkish color .(根:, ).
943.mel-3:肢體 A limb .(根:, ).
944.meld?-:祈禱詞 To pray , speak words to a deity . MELD(根:, ).
945.melk?-:傷害 To harm .(根:, ).
946.mēlon:水果帶子 An apple , or any seed- or pit-bearing fruit .(根:, ).
947.mēms-:鮮肉 Flesh , meat .(根:member, mens, membr).
948._men-:運動名詞 Ablaut variants '-111011- , ?-mt?- .(根:).
949.mend-:物理缺陷 Physical defect , fault .(根:mend, mendic).
950.mend?-2:咀嚼 To chew .(根:mand, mast).
951.mer-1:波光早晨 To flicker ; > dim states(根:morn, murk).
952.mer?-:阻礙拖延 To hinder , delay .(根:mor, mur).
953.merg?-:毛毛雨 To wet , sprinkle , rain .(根:broc).
954.merk-1:腐爛 To decay . MARCESCENT , (根:, ).
955.merk-2:割傷害 To cut up , injure (?) .(根:, ).
956.merk-3:水銀經商 Italic root , possibly from Etruscan , referring(根:merc, mark, merch).
957.merph-:捏造形狀 Form .(根:form, morph).
958.mers-:麻煩迷惑 To trouble , confuse .(根:mar).
959.meu?-2:生殖力強 Abundant , reproductively powerful .(根:myri).
960.meu?-3:閉嘴鼻音 To be silent .(根:mut, myst).
961.meug-:水黏滑 Slimy , slippery ; wet .(根:moist, smug, mug, muc, myc, mucil, smock, meek).
962.meus-:潮濕沼澤 Damp ; with derivatives referring to swampy(根:moss, mys).
963.mezg-1:跳水深潛 To dip , plunge .(根:merg, mers).
964.mezg-2:編織 To knit .(根:mesh).
965.mittere:發射松扔 To let go , send off , throw .(根:miss, mit, mitt, mis, mess, mas).
966._mno-:被動現在時 nau-2(根:).
967.mō-:施展自己 To exert oneself .(根:mole, molest, molish, mol).
968._mo-:最高級后綴 Adjective and noun Suffix , appearing ultimately(根:, ).
969.mōd-:見面集合 To meet , assemble .(根:mail).
970.mod?ro-:一種顏色 A color .(根:, ).
971.molko-:皮袋 Skin bag . MAIL(根:mail).
972.mon-:脖子頸背 Neck , nape of the neck .(根:mint, mone).
973.moro-:黑莓桑葚 Blackberry , mulberry .(根:, ).
974.morwi-:螞蟻 Ant .(根:formic).
975.mozg?o-:骨髓 Marrow .(根:, ).
976.mreg?-m(n)o-:頭腦記憶 Brain .(根:brain).
977.mu-:昆蟲蠅聲 Gnat , fly .(根:mus, Musc, mosqu).
978._n-:現在時中綴 Verbal infix to form transitive presents .(根:).
979.nā-:幫忙 To help .(根:, ).
980.nana:奶奶 Child's word for a nurse or female adult other(根:nun).
981.nāu-1:死亡筋疲 Death ; to be exhausted .(根:need).
982.neg??-ro-:腎 Kidney .(根:nephr).
983.nei-:興奮閃耀 To be excited , shine .(根:neat).
984.nei?-:牽引 To lead .(根:, ).
985.neig?-:洗 To wash . NIX , (根:, ).
986.nek-2:達到 To reach , attain .(根:, ).
987.nē-tr-:蛇 Snake .(根:, ).
988.neu-2:點頭 To nod .(根:nu, numin, num).
989.neud-:利用享受 To make use of , enjoy .(根:, ).
990.ni:下來 Down .(根:limn, neth).
991._no-:生成態流 Also -eno- , -ono- .(根:, ).
992.nōt-:臀部背部 Buttock , back . NOTOCHORD 脊索 , (根:not).
993.n?si-:劍 Sword . ENSIFORM , (根:, ).
994._nt-:現在時流 Also -ent- , -ont- .(根:, ).
995._nu-:現在時后綴 Verbal suffix marking present tense , usually tran-(根:).
996.lab-:舔嘴唇 Lapping , smacking the lips ; to lick .(根:lam).
997.lād?-:隱藏 To be hidden .(根:leth, lat).
998.laiwo-:左邊 Left .(根:, ).
999.laku-:湖泊水體 Body of water , lake , sea .(根:lac, lak).
1000.lap-:燃燒發光 To light , burn .(根:lamp, lan).
1001.lat-:潮濕乳膠 Wet , moist .(根:, ).
1002.lē-1:抓到拉攏 To get .(根:idolat).
1003.leg-2:點滴 To dribble , trickle .(根:leak, lack).
271.s)lei-:粘滑 Slimy .(根:).
1005.lei?-:浪費掉 To waste away .(根:, ).
1006.leig-2:貧窮 Poor .(根:, ).
1007.leig-3:跳動顫抖 To leap , tremble .(根:, ).
1008.leit-1:憎惡 To detest .(根:loath).
1009.leizd-:邊界列表 Border , band .(根:, ).
1010.lek-:監視保護 To ward off, protect.(根:lacer, ).
1011.lēk-:撕裂 To tear .(根:, ).
1012.lem-:打碎軟屑 To break in pieces ; broken , soft , with deriva-(根:, ).
1013.lend?-1:腰部 Loin .(根:lumb).
1014.lent-o-:柔性的 Flexible .(根:lent).
1015.lep-1:剝皮 To peel .(根:lep).
1016.lep-2:平坦手肩 To be flat ; palm , sole , shoulder blade .(根:glov).
1017.letro-:皮革 Leather .(根:, ).
1018.leu-2:弄臟 Dirt ; to mak e dirty.(根:, ).
1019.lēu-1:石頭 Stone.(根:, ).
1020.lēu-2:擬聲升高 Echoic root .(根:laud).
1021.leud-:小little Small .(根:lout, loit, lit).
1022.leud?-1:去走 To go .(根:ely).
1023.leug-:打破 To break .(根:lugub).
1024.leup-:升降掛葉 To peel off , break off .(根:leaf, lodg, lift, loft, lob, leav, log).
1025.līthrā:升鎊里拉 A scale . Mediterranean word , Latin libra , (根:liber, lev, equ).
1026._lo-:小細黏連 Secondary suffix , forming diminutives .(根:, ).
1027.lob?o-:頭頂 Top or back of the head .(根:, ).
1028.rē-2:深色 Dark-colored , possible root (oldest form ?reh , -)(根:, ).
1029.reb?-1:暴力沖動 Violent , impetuous .(根:rab, rag).
1030.reb?-2:翻天覆地 To roof over .(根:rib).
1031.reg-2:潮濕 Moist .(根:rain, rig).
1032.reg-3:染 To dye .(根:lac).
1033.reg?-es-:黑暗 Darkness . (根:, ).
1034.rei-1:抓撕扯割 To scratch , tear , cut .(根:rip, riv, rop, reap, rift, rif).
1035.rei-2:斑點的 Striped in various colors , flecked .(根:, ).
1036.rē(i)-:生動有理 To reason , count .(根:rati).
1037.reig-1:綁定 To bind .(根:rig).
1038.rem-:休息 To come to rest , rest .(根:, ).
1039.rend?-:撕碎 To tear up .(根:, ).
1040.rēp-1:爬行 To creep , slink .(根:rept).
1041.rēp-2:樁梁 Stake , beam .(根:raft).
1042.rēt-:快跑滾開 To run , roll .(根:, ).
1043.reu-:咆哮著 To bellow .(根:riot, rauc, rum).
1044.reud?-2:清理土地 To clear land .(根:rid, rod).
1045.reu?-2:粉碎撕碎 To smash , knock down , tear out , dig up , uproot .(根:rug, ruin, rough, rag).
1046.reug?-men-:奶油 Cream .(根:, ).
1047.rezg-:編織 To plait , weave , wind .(根:, ).
1048._r:古代rw中名詞 An ancient noun category of neuter(根:).
1049._ro-:形容詞r Adjectival suffix , as in *arud?-ro- , red (see re-(根:).
1050.ruk-:織物紡紗 Fabric , spun yarn .(根:rock).
1051.rū-no-:神秘秘密 Mystery , secret .(根:, ).
1052.sab-:果汁液體 Juice , fluid . (salt)(根:sap).
1053.sai-1:苦酸遺憾 Suffering . (salt)(根:sor, sorr).
1054.sai-2:綁帶子 To bind , tie .(根:secular, set).
1055.sai-3:粘稠液體 Thick liquid . (salt)(根:hem, hemat, an).
1056.sal-2:臟的灰色 Dirty , gray .(根:, ).
1057.sal(i)k-:柳樹彎彎 Willow . A derivative of sal-2 .(根:, ).
1058.sam-:唱歌 To sing .(根:hymn).
1059.sāno-:安康 Healthy .(根:san).
1060.saus-:干燥 Dry .(根:auster, sere).
1061.sē-2:源遠流長 Long , late .(根:sid, sinc, sith).
1062.sē-3:篩選分割 To sift .(根:ethm).
1063.sed-2:掉下去 To go .(根:od, odic, hod, cat).
1064.seib-:瓢潑大雨 To pour out , sieve , drip , trickle .(根:sapon, sift, soap).
1065.seik?-:流出 To flow out .(根:sicc).
1066.sel-1:人類聚落 Human settlement .(根:sol).
1067.sel-2:傻白甜美 Of good mood ; to faver (spring ).(根:hilar, sol, sil).
1068.sel-3:拿到抓住 To take , grasp .(根:sal, sell).
1069.sel-es-:沼澤 Swamp , marsh , sea . (根:, ).
1070.selk-:拉扯拖拽 To pull , draw .(根:sulc).
1071.selp-:脂肪黃油 Fat , butter .(根:, ).
1072.send?ro-:結晶沉積物 Crystalline deposit .(根:cind).
1073.sen?-1:分開 Apart , separated .(根:cur).
1074.sen?-2:成就達到 To accomplish , achieve .(根:hent).
1075.seng?-:下沉 To sink . (根:sink).
1076.senk-:燃燒 To burn .(根:, ).
1077.sep-2:把持抓住 To handle (skillfully) , hold (reverently) .(根:, ).
1078.ser-2:流動 To flow .(根:, ).
1079.ser-4:流連前行 sr, sur > fore, front(根:front).
1080.ser-5:抓緊蛇纏 To seize .(根:heret, here).
1081.serk-:使完整 To make whole . SARTORIUS , (根:sart).
1082.serp-1:鐮刀鉤子 Sickle , hook .(根:harp).
1083.serp-2:爬蟲蛇 To crawl , creep .(根:herp, serp).
1084.seut-:發怒煮沸 To seethe , boil .(根:, ).
1085.servus:看護奴仆 Slave .(根:serv, servit).
1086.si-lo-:沉默 Silent .(根:sil).
1087.skab?-:支撐支持 To prop up , support .(根:sham).
1088.skai-:閃閃發光 To gleam .(根:shin, scint, shim, skia, cil, sel).
1089.sked-:滾掉射出 To split , scatter .(根:scatt, shatt).
1090.s)kel-3:圍攏彎曲 Crooked . 彎曲(根:colon, cylind, skel).
1091.skel?-:干枯枯萎 To parch , wither .(根:scler, skelet).
1092.skeng-:歪扭脛骨 Crooked . SHANK 曲脛通幽(根:, ).
1093.s)kep-:切割砍 Base of words with various technical meanings(根:scap, shap, scab, shab, shaft, shav, scoop, scup, cap).
1094.s)ker-2:跳躍 To leap , jump about .(根:corusc).
1095.s)kerb-:轉身彎腰 To turn , bend .(根:scorch, shrimp).
1096.skēt-:傷害 To injure .(根:scath).
1097.skeub?-:猛推亂滾 To shove .(根:shov, shuf).
1098.s)keu?-:看警告 To pay attention , perceive .(根:cau, scav, show, sheen, scon).
1099.s)keup-:簇捆頭發 Cluster , tuft , hair of the head .(根:, ).
1100.skipam:船刻裝備 Ship .(根:ship, equip, skip).
1101._sko-:反復未完 Verbal suffix marking iterative or imperfective aspect(根:, ).
1102.skot-:黑暗陰涼 Dark , shade .(根:shad).
1103.skreu-:切割工具 To cut ; cutting tool .(根:shrew, scrutin, scrut, shred, scroll, shroud, scrot).
1104.s)k?al-o-:大魚 Big fish . WHALE , (根:whal).
1105.s)lag?-:奪取 To seize . LATCH , SYLLABLE音節(根:lep, lept, lab, lem).
1106.slak-:敲擊 To strike .(根:, ).
1107.sleid?-:滑動 To slip , slide .(根:slid, sl, sled).
1108.sleng??-:滑梯索擲 To slide , make slide , sling , throw .(根:, ).
1109.sloug-:幫助服務 Help , service .(根:slog, ).
1110.smē-:粘稠涂抹 To smear .(根:micro, macul, maqu, mic).
1111.smeg-:品嘗 To taste .(根:smack).
1112.s)mēlo-:磨細小 Smail animal .(根:small).
1113.s)mer-3:油脂脂肪 Grease , fat .(根:smear, medull).
1114.smerd-:疼痛 Pain . Extension of mer-2 ? SMART (根:smart).
1115.smeug-:云霧繚繞 To smoke ; smoke .(根:smok).
1116.smī-:截短鐵匠 To cut , work with a sharp instrument .(根:smith).
1117.smīk-:截短微小 Small .(根:micro, mic).
1118.sneg-:蛇繩蝸牛 To creep ; creeping thing .(根:snak).
1119.sneit-:切割 To cut .(根:, ).
1120.sner-:鼻息鼾聲 Expressive root of various verbs for making(根:snar, snor).
1121.sneub?-:結婚鼾聲 To marry .(根:nymph, nupt, nub).
1122.sneud?-:霧云模糊 Mist , cloud .(根:nub).
1123.sneud(h)-:睡覺鼾聲 To be sleepy .(根:, ).
1124.snu-:嗅探鼻息 Imitative beginning of Germanic words con-(根:sna, nutri, nat, sniff, snoop, sno, nur, snu, snivel, snip, snub).
1125.spē-2:長平木板 Long , flat piece of wood .(根:spath, spoon, spad, spat).
1126.spei-:尖刺沖點 Sharp point .(根:spi, spin, spik, spir, fin, pin, spo).
1127.s)peik-:啄木鳥 Bird's name , woodpecker , magpie .(根:pic, pick, piq).
1128.spel-1:劈開分開 To split , break off .(根:spoil, spill, spol).
1129.spel-2:說話拼讀 To say aloud , recite . SPELL , (根:spell).
1130.spelg?-:脾臟 Spleen , milt .(根:splen, spleen).
1131.sper-1:長矛長竿 Spear , pole .(根:spear).
1132.sper-2:旋轉纏繞 To turn , twist .(根:, ).
1133.sper-3:麻雀箭鳥 Bird's name , sparrow .(根:, ).
1134.sperg?-:快動噴水 To move , hasten , spring .(根:spring).
1135.s)peud-:推又推 To push , repulse .(根:pude, pud).
1136.s)ping-:麻雀 Bird's name , sparrow , finch .(根:, ).
1137.s)plei-:拼接分割 To splice , split .(根:split).
1138.splend-:閃耀發光 To shine , glow .(根:splend).
1139.s)poi-mo-:泡沫 Foam .(根:foam, pumic, spum).
1140.spreg-1:說話氣 To speak .(根:speak, speech).
1141.s)preg-2:噴散開 To jerk , scatter .(根:spers, sprink, freck, sparg, spars, spry).
1142.sp(y)eu-:噴吐呸 To spew , spit .(根:spit, spu, spat, spew, spou, hem).
1143.sreb?-:吮吸吸收 To suck , absorb .(根:sorb, sorpt, slurp).
1144.srenk-:打鼾 To snore .(根:, ).
1145.srīg-:寒冷 Cold .(根:friger, frig).
1146.stag-:滲透點滴 To seep , drip .(根:stagn).
1147.stāk-:站著放置 To stand , place .(根:steel).
1148.steb?-:金柱木桿 Post , stem ; to support , place firmly on , fasten .(根:stap, step, staff, stamp, stump, stem).
1149.steg-1:竿子棍子 Pole , stick .(根:tach, stack, stag, tack, stock, stak).
1150.steip-:釘住壓縮 To stick , compress . STIFF , (根:stip, stiff, stev, stub).
1151.stel?-:延伸 To extend .(根:lamin, later, lat, lam).
1152.sten-:狹隘的 Narrow .(根:sten).
1153.ster-3:搶劫偷竊 To rob , steal .(根:, ).
1154.ster-4:貧瘠的 Barren .(根:steril).
1155.s)ter-n-:多刺植物 Name of thorny plants .(根:thorn).
1156.s)teu-1:釘樁 To push , stick , knock , beat ;(根:stud, stock, stup, typ, stok, type, tus, steep, stint, stut, tuse, stoop, tund).
1157.steu-2:升揚 To praise .(根:, ).
1158.stom-en-:身體的孔 Denoting various body parts and orifices .(根:stom).
1159.storo-:歐椋鳥 Starling .(根:, ).
1160.s)trei-:嘶嘶模仿 To hiss , buzz .(根:strid).
1161.strenk-:緊窄 Tight , narrow .(根:strang, string, strong, streng).
1162.strep-:弄噪音 To make a noise .(根:strep).
1163.s)twer-1:轉彎旋轉 To turn , whirl .(根:turb, sturb, troub, storm).
1164.s)twer-2:抓住握緊 To grasp , hold ; hard .(根:quartz).
1165.sūro-:苦酸咸甜鮮 Sour , salty , bitter .(根:sauer, sorr, sour).
1166.s)wāg?-:回蕩 To resound . SOUGH , (根:ech, echo).
1167.swei-1:吹口哨噓 To whistle , hiss .(根:sibil, sifl).
1168.swei-2:彎曲轉身 To bend , turn .(根:switch, swift).
1169.sweid-1:發光 To shine .(根:sider, sir).
1170.swel-2:發光燃燒 To shine , burn .(根:, ).
1171.swel-3:門柱木板 Post , board .(根:, ).
1172.swel?-:腫起來 To swell up , become swollen .(根:swell, sole).
1173.swem-:泳動攪動 To move , stir , swim .(根:swim).
1174.sweng(w)-:煽動 To wing , turn , toss .(根:swing, swank).
1175.swen-to-:健康強壯 Healthy , strong .(根:, ).
1176.swep-2:拋投 To throw , sling , cast .(根:sip).
1177.swer-2:嗡嗡聲 To buzz , whisper .(根:surd, susurr, swarm).
1178.swer-3:舉重莊重 To heft , weigh , lift .(根:ser, sword).
1179.swerb?-:關掉擦掉 To turn , wipe off .(根:swerv).
1180.swerg?-:憂慮生病 To worry , be sick .(根:sor).
1181.swī-:保持沉默 To be silent .(根:siop).
1182.s(w)ok?o-:樹脂果汁 Resin , juice . OPIUM , (根:, ).
1183.swomb?o-:海綿軟蘑菇 Spongy ; also a word for mushroom .(根:swamp).
1184.swordo-:黑色骯臟 Black , dirty .(根:sord).
1185._i)ko-:從屬? Secondary suffix , forming adjectives .-斯基(根:, ).
1186._is-to-:最高 Superlative suffix , -yos-to-(根:, ).
1187.yā-:尋求 To seek , request , desire .(根:zeal, jeal).
1188.yag-:敬拜崇敬 To worship ; reverence .(根:, ).
1189.yēg?-ā-:力量活力 Power , youthful strength . (根:Heb).
1190.yek-2:打獵 To hunt .(根:yacht).
1191.yēk-:治愈 To heal .(根:, ).
1192.yem-:配對 To pair .(根:Gemin).
1193.yeud?-:猛動戰斗 To move violently , fight .(根:, ).
1194.yeu?-:混合食物 To blend , mix food .(根:juic, zym).
1195._yo-1:現在動詞 verbal suffix marking present tense , (根:).
1196._yo-2:動詞分詞 Verbal suffix used to form verbs from other parts(根:, ).
1197._yo-3:從屬類別 Relational adjectival suffix , of or belonging to(根:, ).
1198.yoi-ni-:刺柏 Juniper berry.(根:, ).
1199.yōs-:束腰 To gird .(根:zon).
1200._yos-:使役? Adjective suffix of comparative , marking inten-(根:, ).
1201.udero-:鼓肚子宮豚 Abdomen , womb , stomach ; with distantly(根:hyster, vesica, uter).
1202.u(wa)l-:嚎叫woool To howl .(根:howl, owl).
1203.wāb-:哭喊尖叫 To cry , scream .(根:weep).
1204.wad?-1:承諾保證 A pledge ; to pledge .(根:gage, wedd, gag, wag, wed).
1205.wad?-2:去走 To go .(根:vas, vad, wad).
1206.wāg-:分開咬斷 To break , split , bite .(根:vagin).
1207.wai:唉呀感嘆 Alas (interjection) .(根:woe, wail).
1208.wak-:奶牛 Cow .(根:vacc).
1209.walso-:一墻之隔 A post .(根:val, wall, myc).
1210.wed?-:驅動牽引 To drive , lead .(根:, ).
1211.wed??-:推擠 To push , strike .(根:osm).
1212.weg-1:編織網站 To weave a web .(根:Vel, veil, veal).
1213.weg?-:拖泥帶水 Wet . WAKE 泥水濕潤醒夜 , (根:hum).
1214.weg??-:講道莊重 To preach , speak solemnly .(根:vot, vow, vout).
1215.wei-2:枯萎 To wither枯 . WIZEN(根:, ).
1216.wei-3:罪惡過失 Vice , fault , guilt .(根:vit, viti, vic).
1217.weid?-:打開分開 To divide , separate .(根:vis, vid, wid).
1218.weik-2:神圣的 Consecrated , holy .(根:, ).
1219.weik-3:偶像茴香 To be like .(根:, ).
1220.weis-:風水流動 To flow .(根:virus, visc).
1221.weit(?)-:說話宣判 To speak , adjudge .(根:, ).
1222.wel-1:眼看耳聽 To see .(根:, ).
1223.wel-4:撕開拉出 To tear , pull .(根:vuls, velv, vill).
1224.wel?-1:羊毛 Wool .(根:lan, wool).
1225.welg-:水濕 Wet .(根:wilt).
1226.welt-:封林野風 Woods ; wild .(根:vol).
1227.wend?-:轉纏編織 To turn , wind , weave .(根:Vand, wand).
1228.weng-:彎曲曲線 To bend , curve .(根:wink).
1229.wer-1:虛弱斑點 High raised spot or other bodily infirmity.(根:vari, var).
1230.wer-6:燃燒升騰 To burn .(根:, ).
1231.wer-7:松鼠 Squirrel .(根:, ).
1232.wer?-1:寬廣 Wide , broad .(根:Eur).
1233.wer?-2:尋找 To find .(根:heur).
1234.wers-2:下雨滴水 To rain , drip .(根:ur).
1235._wer-:古代rw名詞 (see -r/-n- ) , (根:).
1236.wes-2:濕的 Wet .(根:, ).
1237.wes-5:大吃大喝 To eat , consume .(根:, ).
1238.wesu-:好的 Good .(根:, ).
1239.wid?u-:樹木 Tree , wood .(根:, ).
1240.wīn-o-:葡萄酒 Wine . Italic noun , (根:vin, eno, win).
1241.wleik-:流動奔跑 To flow , run .(根:liqu, lix).
1242._wo-:舞狀? Adjective suffix , as in *g 'i - wo- , alive(根:, ).
1243.wog??-ni-:犁鏵楔子 Plowshare , wedge .(根:wedg).
1244.wokso-:蠟 Wax .(根:, ).
1245.wopsā-:黃蜂 Wasp . Metathesized form *wospā-(根:, ).
1246.wreg-:推進 To push , shove , drive , track down.(根:wreck, urg).
1247.wrēg-:打破 To break .(根:, ).
1248.wrod-:玫瑰 Rose .(根:ros).
1249.wrōd-:扎根 To root . gnaw .(根:, ).
1250.wrōg-:發芽勃起 To burgeon , swell with strength .(根:org).
1251.wrug?yo-:黑麥 Rye .(根:, ).
1252._ā-:抽象女名 abstract or collective nouns , feminine gender(根:, ).
1253.ab(e)l-:摘掉蘋果 Apple .(根:apple).
1254.ad?eso-:扁斧頭 Adze , possibly a culture word circulating in(根:, ).
1255.ag-2:說話log To speak .(根:ag).
1256.ag-es-:過錯 Fault , guilt .(根:ach).
1257.ag?-1:敬畏 To be depressed , be afraid .(根:ail, aw).
1258.ag?(e)sī-:斧頭 Ax . (根:, ).
1259.ag??-no-:小羊羔 Lamb .(根:, ).
1260.ai-1:影像分給 To give , allot .(根:, ).
1261.ai-2:燃燒光影 To burn .(根:esti, ether, estu, neal).
1262.aig-:羔羊 Goat .(根:, ).
1263.aik-2:敲擊 To strike .(根:, ).
1264.aks-:軸穿心 Axis .(根:al, axon, axi, axis, ail).
1265.al-2:漫游 To wander .(根:, ).
1266.al-4:磨碎 To grind , mill .(根:, ).
1267.alg??-:爭取價值 To earn , be worth .(根:, ).
1268.am-:愛媽士 Various nursery words .(根:am, amat, aunt, em, im).
1269.amb?ō:兩者都 Both .(根:, ).
1270.āmer-:白天亮光 Day .(根:hemer).
1271.ams-:黑光黑鳥 Black ; blackbird (original color meaning found(根:, ).
1272.an-2:老祖母 Old woman , ancestor (nursery word) .(根:, ).
1273.an-3:吸水潑水 To pour , draw water .(根:, ).
1274.and?-:開花開放 Bloom .(根:anth).
1275.and?o-:暗淡無光 Blind , dark .(根:umbr, somber, umb).
1276.an?t-:鴨子 Duck .(根:, ).
1277.an?tā-:門框側柱 Doorjamb . ANTA(根:, ).
1278.angelos:信使鷹勾 Messenger .(根:angel).
1279.ang??i-:蛇鰻魚 snake (根:, ).
1280.ank-:彎角勾錨 To bend .(根:Ang, ank, anch, Eng).
1281.āno-:圓環孔流 Ring .(根:annul, an).
1282.ans-:循環抓手 Loop , handle .(根:, ).
1283.ap-1:去拿掉 To take , reach .(根:up, ept, apt, copul, apex, apic, ment, art, att).
1284.ap-2:水河 Water .(根:, ).
1285.āpero-:水邊海岸 Shore .(根:, ).
1286.apsā-:山楊樹 Aspen .(根:, ).
1287.ar?-:犁型彎弓 To plow .(根:ara).
1288.ark-:掌控把握 To hold , contain , guard .(根:erc, ark, arc).
1289.arkhein:掌控開始 To begin , rule , command .(根:arch, archy).
1290.arku-:掌控弓箭 Bow and arrow ( uncertain which , perhaps both(根:arc, arch, arrow).
1291.aryo-:雅利安掌 Self-designation of the Inda-Iranians .(根:, ).
1292.asinus:屁股眼 Ass .(根:as, asin).
1293.asp-:切開 To cut .(根:asper, asp).
1294.at-al-:種族家庭 Race , family . Compound root , (根:, ).
1295.atto-:阿爹 Father (nursery word) .(根:, ).
1296.au-1:0 Pronominal base appearing in particles and ad-(根:, ).
1297.au-2:離開 Off , away .(根:, ).
1298.au-3:編織 To weave .(根:, ).
1299.aug-2:發光 To shine .(根:, ).
1300.auk?-:灶鍋 Cooking pot . OVEN , (根:ov).
1301.aulo-:坑洞孔 Hole , cavity .(根:hydr, alve).
1302.aus-2:金光閃耀 Gold .(根:or, aur, eas, dor, Eos, os).
1303.aus-3:吸水排氣 To draw water .(根:haust).
1304.ō-:相信 To believe , hold as true .(根:omen, omin).
1305._o-:主題后綴 The thematic suffix , forming nouns , adjectives , and verbs .(根:, ).
1306.ob?el-:有用 To avail .(根:, ).
1307.od-1:聞氣味 To smell .(根:osm, odor, ol, ge, ozon).
1308.ōg-:水果漿果 Fruit , berry .(根:uv, uvul).
1309.og??i-:蛇鰻魚 Snake , eel .(根:ophi).
1310.oid-:膨脹 To swell .(根:ed).
1311.oito-:宣誓 An oath .(根:oath).
1312.ol?-:摧毀 To destroy .(根:leth).
1313.om-:生澀尖銳 Raw ; sharp-tasting .(根:amar).
1314.omb?-ro-:雨 Rain .(根:imbr).
1315.om(e)so-:肩部 Shoulder .(根:, ).
1316.oner-:夢想 Dream .(根:, ).
1317.ong?-:蛇鰻魚 Snake , eel . (根:unct, anoint, ung).
1318._ono-:完成生成后綴 See - no- .(根:).
1319._ont-:現在時后綴 See -nt- .(根:).
1320.op-2:選擇提出 To choose .(根:opt, opin).
1321.ōr-:宣布儀式 To pronounce a ritual formula .(根:ora, ore, or).
1322.ōrd-:生長適配 To arrange ; arrangement .(根:, ).
1323.os-:火灰樹 Ash tree .(根:, ).
1324._os-:抽象str動名詞 See -es- .(根:).
1325._oto-:完成生成后綴 See -to- .(根:).
1326.ē:啊狀語 Adverbial particle .(根:, ).
1327._ē-:靜態動詞 Verbal suffix form-(根:).
1328.eg-:貧困 To lack .(根:, ).
1329.eg?ero-:水滸 Lake .(根:, ).
1330.eg?i-:鰻魚蛇 Snake , eel .(根:echin).
1331.egni-:火藥 Fire .(根:ign).
1332.ei-2:起火發光 Reddish , motley ; yellow .(根:, ).
1333.eis-2:冷若冰霜 Ice , frost .(根:ic, ice).
1334.el-2:紅棕生物 Red , brown (forming animal and tree names) .(根:, ).
1335.el-3:長蟲 Eel , worm , snakelike creature .(根:, ).
1336.elaiā:橄欖油 Olive .(根:oil, oliv).
1337.el?-:走出去 To go .(根:elast, elasm).
1338.elk-es-:受傷 Wound .(根:ulcer).
1339._en-:生成名詞 (With many variants . ) Suffix forming nouns and(根:).
1340.en-es-:負擔責任 Burden . ONEROUS , ONUS ;(根:oner).
1341.eng?-:腹股溝 Groin , internal organ . 腹股溝 angle(根:inguin).
1342._eno-:完成生成后綴 See -no- .(根:).
1343._ent-:現在進行態 See -nt- .(根:).
1344.er?-2:分開 To separate .(根:ret, erem).
1345.er?-3:分開比鄰 To separate , adjoin .(根:ero, ped).
1346.er?d?-:高 High .(根:ortho, ardu).
1347.erg?-:安裝 To mount .(根:orch).
1348.erk?-:放射贊揚 To radiate , beam , praise .(根:, ).
1349.ers-2:0 .(根:, ).
1350.ēs-:坐下 To sit .(根:, ).
1351._es-:抽象str動名詞 Also -os- .(根:).
1352.es-en-:秋收 Harvest , fall .(根:earn).
1353.esōr:婦女 Woman .(根:, ).
1354.eti-:鴨鴨 Above, beyond. (根:, ).
1355.ētī-:鴨鴨 Eider duck .(根:, ).
1356.ētmen-:呼吸 Breath .(根:, ).
1357._eto-:完成生成后綴 See -to-(根:).
1358.euk-:習慣 To become accustomed .(根:uxor).
1359.eus-:燃燒 To burn .(根:com, ).
1360._eyo-:使役動詞 Verbal Suffix for ming causatives (transitive) and(根:, ).

---

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?? b爆.001.bak-:棍棒撐強 Staff used for support. (根:, bac, bail, bec, bag, peg). Staff used for support.

1. 1. from Latin baculum, rod, walking stick;
            bacillus 桿菌
            baculum 陰莖骨,細菌
            baguette 小棍子n.法國棍子面包；成長方形的寶石
            bail  n.保釋,保證金,保證人 v.保釋,舀水
            bailey 堡場
            baculiform 桿狀的
        debacle 撥開橫木:n.崩潰；災害；解凍
        imbecile 笨蛋，弱智
   2. Possibly Latin imbēcillus, imbecillus, feeble, possibly from *in-bacillus , "without a staff (to steady oneself), without support," from bacillus, diminutive of baculum (in?, not; see ne).
        imbecile 笨蛋，弱智
2. from Greek baktron, staff.
         bacterium bacteria的單數形式:n.細菌
   corynebacterium 棒狀桿菌屬：革蘭氏染色顯陽性，棒狀桿菌 屬的一種棒狀細菌，包括許多動物和植物病原體，例如白喉的病原體

[Pokorny bak? 93.]

---

→3153 : bak- 棍子，棍子；打，釘 stick, staff; to hit, peg ;?工_21, ?戰_21

---

      bailie 市政高級官員：蘇格蘭地方市政官員，相當于英國的高級市政官
      bailiff 法警
      bailiwick n.（郡副司法長官的）轄區
campylobacter n.彎曲菌
      pail n.桶,提桶
      peg    n.小釘.v.釘,固定

---

      bacilli n.細菌，桿菌,桿菌( bacillus的名詞復數 )
  imbecilic adj.低能的，愚笨的
  imbecility n.愚笨,低能,弱智,愚蠢行為

---

---

?? b爆.002.bel-:霸龍茂盛 Strong. (根: bil, Bol). Strong.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *bol-iyo?. from Russian bol'sho?, large.
         Bolshevik 布爾什維克
2. Prefixed form *dē-bel-i?, "without strength" (dē?, privative prefix; see de-). from Latin dēbilis, weak.
     debilitate 使無力
     debility n.衰弱

[Pokorny 2. bel? 96.]

---

→3166 : 2. bel- 堅強的 strong ;?身_81

---

---

  debilitation 醫虛弱，無力，乏力

---

---

?? 光.003.b?ā-1:發光照耀 To shine. (根: phant, phan, fan, phas, band, bann, berr, pant, phos, phen, phot). To shine. Oldest form *bheh₂?, colored to *bhah₂?, becoming *bhā?.
Derivatives include beacon, berry, banner, fantasy, and phase.

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh?-w?.
   1. from Old English bēac(e)n, beacon;
            beacon n.信號燈,閃光燈
   2. from Old English bēcnan, bīecnan, to make a sign, beckon, from Germanic denominative *bauknjan;
            beckon v.招手,召喚
   3. from Old French boue, buoy. a-c all from Germanic *baukna?, beacon, signal.
            buoy n.(湖,河等中的)浮標,浮筒,救生圈 vt.使浮起,支撐,鼓勵
2. Perhaps Germanic *bazja?, berry (< "bright-colored fruit").
   1. from Old English berie, berige, berry, and Old High German beri, berry;
            berry n.漿果
      mulberry 桑樹，桑葚
   2. from Old French framboise, raspberry, alteration of Frankish *brām-besi, "bramble berry.".
            frambesia 參見 [yaws]
3. 1. from Spanish banda, sash;
            bandoleer 子彈帶：戰士斜掛胸前的用來裝子彈的有許多小口袋或環的帶子
   2. from Late Latin bandum, banner, standard. Both a and b from Germanic *bandwa?, "identifying sign," banner, standard, sash, also "company united under a (particular) banner.".
            banderilla 帶有倒鉤的短標槍：斗牛中斗牛士的助手用于刺入公牛脖子或肩膀肌肉的短扎槍，帶有倒鉤和裝飾
            banderole 小旗，燕尾旗：連接到一根桿或矛上的或掛在船桅桿上的窄的叉形旗或三角旗
            banner n.旗(幟)
            banneret 小旗幟
            banneret 小旗幟
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh?-w-es?. from Greek phōs (stem phōt?), light.
         phos- 光
         phot  輻透，厘米燭光：光源單位，相當于每平方厘米一流明
         photo- 照相；表示“光；像片”之義
         phosphorus 帶來光線的:n.磷，晨星
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh?-w?. from Greek phaeithein, to shine, burn.
         Pha?thon 法厄同：太陽神赫利俄斯之子，在試圖駕駛他父親的馬車遨游天空時被宙斯所殺
6. Extended and suffixed zero-grade form *bh?-n-yo?. from Greek phainein, "to bring to light," cause to appear, show, and phainesthai (passive), "to be brought to light," appear, with zero-grade noun phasis (*bh?-ti?), an appearance.
         fantasy n.幻想，空想；空想的產物，幻想作品
         pant  vi.喘,渴望.n.喘息
        -phane 表示“類似指定物體的物質”：
         phantasm 鬼魂，幽靈，幻覺，幻影
         phantom n.幽靈，幻影，虛位adj.幽靈的，幻覺的，有名無實的
         phase n.階段,狀態,時期;相,相位
         pheno- 發光，顯示，展現
         phenomenon n.現象,稀有現象,珍品,奇跡,杰出人才
    diaphanous 半透明的
    emphasis n.強調,重點
    epiphany n.主顯節
   glaucophane 藍閃石,藍酚
   hierophant 導師，圣職者，解說者
         phaneritic 粗晶的,幻想的
         phanerogam 顯花植物：一種產生種子的植物
         Phanerozoic 顯生元的：約從5億7千萬年前至今的地質年代的或與其相關的，包含了古生代、中生代與新生代，以其豐富的生物化石著稱，尤其是高等生物化石
         phantasmagoria 幻燈，幻覺效應
   phosphene 壓眼閃光，光幻視：通過機械或電子途徑而不是通過光使視網膜興奮從而感受到光，如當眼球被緊閉的眼臉壓迫時
   sycophant 告密者，誹謗者，諂媚者，拍馬者
   theophany 神靈顯靈，觀世音顯靈
      tiffany 絲紗羅；一種薄綢

[Pokorny 1. bhā? 104.]

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→3179 : 1. bhā-, bhō-, bh?- 閃閃發光 to shine, glisten ;?感_56

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      fantasize v.幻想，想象
gooseberry 醋栗
      photon n.光子，光量子

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      buoyancy n.浮力,（物體在液體里的）浮性,（從失望、噩耗等中）恢復正常的能力,（價格、營業狀況等的）維持力
      buoyant a.有浮力的,輕快的
      buoyantly adv.有浮力地，輕快地
      phosphorous adj.磷的
      fantasist n.幻想曲作曲家
      fantastic a.(fantastical)奇異的,幻想的,異想天開的
      fantastical adj.空想的，捕風捉影的
      fantastically adv.空想地，捕風捉影地
      pants n.褲子,短褲
underpants 內衣褲
      phased adj.定相的
      phasing n.定相，相位調整,變相
      phenomena n. 現象
de-emphasize v.不再強調，不再重視
 emphasize v.(emphasise)強調
      phantasmagoric adj.幻影似的，變幻不定的
      phantasmagorical adj.變化無常的；夢幻般的
sycophancy n.拍馬屁，奉承，諂媚,吮癰舐痔
sycophantic adj.說奉承話的

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?? 聲.004.b?ā-2:發聲說話 To speak. (根: phon, ban, fess, fab, fam, phem, fan, fat, phe, fa, phas). To speak. Oldest form *bheh₂?, colored to *bhah₂?, becoming *bhā?.
Derivatives include fate, infant, prophet, abandon, banish, symphony, confess, and blame.

1. from Latin fārī, to speak.
         fable n.寓言
         fabliau 故事詩：中世紀的韻文故事，其特征為來源于生活的滑稽、粗俗的主題
         fabulous adj.難以置信的，荒誕不經的，極好的
         fado  n.法多（葡萄牙民謠）
         fairy a.幻想中的;虛構的;優雅的n.仙女;精靈
         fandango 凡丹戈舞（節奏歡快的西班牙舞蹈）
         fate  n.命運
         fay    緊密連接，緊密配合
      affable 可以與其說話的adj.和藹的，友善的
         fantoccini 木偶：吊線或機械操作的木偶
   ineffable 難以言喻的
      infant n.嬰兒,幼兒
      infantry 年輕王子所率領的部隊:n.步兵。古代歐洲王子年青時常被送至軍營鍛煉。在西班牙語中王子被稱為infante，王子所
    preface n.序言,引言,前言v.作序,寫前言
2. from Greek phanai, to speak.
        -phasia 表示“一種特殊種類的語言混亂”：
   apophasis 以求婉達
    prophet 提前說:n.先知；預言者；提倡者
3. 1. from Old English bannan, to summon, proclaim, and Old Norse banna, to prohibit, curse;
            ban    v.取締,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令
   2. from Old French ban, feudal jurisdiction, summons to military service, proclamation, Old French bandon, power, and Old English gebann, proclamation;
            banal 公告的:adj.陳腐的，中庸的。ban的形容詞，本意是“公告的”，如banalright表示發布公告的權利，即管
            banns 結婚通告
          abandon vt.離棄，丟棄；遺棄，拋棄；放棄
   3. from Old French banir, to banish;
            banish vt.放逐。國王發布公告宣布剝奪某人公民權利，使其不受法律保護，人人可殺之，故只能遠走他鄉，相當于中國的放逐
   4. from Late Latin bannus, bannum, proclamation;
      contraband 禁運品
   5. from Italian bandire, to proclaim, proscribe, banish. a-e all from Germanic suffixed form *ban-wan, *bannan, to speak publicly (used of particular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom; "to proclaim under penalty, summon to the levy, declare outlaw").
            bandit 被放逐者:n.強盜，法外之徒
4. Suffixed form *bhā-ni?.
   1. from Old Norse bōn, prayer, request;
            boon n.恩惠,福利
   2. perhaps from Old English bēn, prayer, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse bōn, prayer. Both a and b from Germanic *bōni?.
            bee n.蜂，蜜蜂；忙碌的人
5. Suffixed form *bhā-ma.
   1. from Latin fāma, talk, reputation, fame;
            fame  n.名聲;名望;傳說vt使出名;傳揚…的名
            famous a.著名的
        defame 誹謗
         infamous adj.聲名狼藉的；無恥的；邪惡的；不名譽的
   2. from Greek phēmē, saying, speech.
        euphemism n.委婉語；委婉說法
      Polyphemus 波呂斐摩斯：獨眼巨人，他將奧德修斯和其同伴禁錮于一個洞穴中，直到奧德修斯將其眼弄瞎后逃跑
6. Suffixed o-grade form *bhō-nā?. from Greek phōnē, voice, sound, and (denominative) phōnein, to speak.
         phone n.電話，耳機，聽筒v.打電話
        -phone 聲音：
         phoneme 音素
         phonetic adj.語音的
         phono- 聲音
        -phony 表示“聲音”：
         anthem n.圣歌,贊美詩
   antiphon 唱和詩歌：作為儀式一部分輪流吟唱的祈禱樂曲
       aphonia 失音癥：由于疾病、聲帶損傷或各種心理誘因，如歇斯底里癥，而失去聲音
   cacophonous adj.發音不和諧的，粗腔橫調的
     euphony 悅耳之音；諧音
   symphony n.交響樂
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *bh?-to?. from Latin fatērī, to acknowledge, admit.
   confess v.供認，承認，坦白，懺悔
    profess 上前宣稱:v.公開宣稱，自稱，宣稱信奉，當教授
8. from Greek blasphēmos, blasphemous, perhaps from *ml?s-bhā-mo?, "speaking evil" (blas?, evil; see mel- ³).
         blame v.責備;怪,把…歸咎于n.責任,過錯;責備
   blaspheme 褻瀆神靈

[Pokorny 2. bhā? 105.]

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→3180 : 2. bhā- 說話 to speak ;?說_21

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arriere-ban 征戰公告：中世紀時，國王征召封臣出征作戰的公告
homophone 同音異義詞

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      fabulist n.寓言家，說謊者
      fated adj.命運已定的，宿命的,受命運支配的
      fateful a.重大的,命中注定的
 ill-fated adj.走惡運的,注定要遭受罰的
   affability n.和藹，親切
   affably adv.殷勤地
   infancy n.初期；嬰兒期；幼年
 prophecy n.預言；預言書；預言能力
 prophetic adj.預言的，預示的；先知的
 prophetically 預言性地
      bans  =banns.；名詞ban的復數形式.；結婚預告 n. 結婚預告
      banality n.平常，乏味
    abandoned adj.被拋棄的,自甘墮落的,沒有約束的,放蕩的
    abandonment n.放棄
      banishment n.放逐，驅逐
  defamation n.誹謗，中傷
  defamatory adj.誹謗的，中傷的
   infamy 臭名昭著
  euphemistic adj.委婉的
  euphemistically adv.委婉的
      phonetically adv.按照發音地，語音學上
      phonetics 語音學
      phonic adj.聲音的，有聲的，聲學的
      phonemic adj.音素的，音位的
  euphonious 好聽的
symphonic adj.交響樂的
confession n.懺悔，告解；供認
confessional adj.自白的,懺悔的 n.(教堂中神甫聽取懺悔的)懺悔室
confessor n.自白者，為信教而被迫害的教徒
self-confessed adj.自認的，自供的
 profession n.職業,專業,表白,宣布
 professional a.職業的,專門的n.自由職業者,專業人員
 professionalism n.職業水準或特性,職業化
 professionalization 職業化,專業化
 professionalize 使職業化，使專業化
      blameless adj.無罪的，無可指責的，清白的,無可非議,無可責難
      blameworthy adj.該受指責的， （對壞事）負有責任的

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?? 聲.005.b?a-b?ā-:豆豆 Broad bean. (根: bean). Broad bean.

1. from Latin faba, broad bean.
   fava bean 參見 [broad bean]
         favela 棚戶區
2. Variant form *bha-un?. from Old English bēan, broad bean, bean of any kind, from Germanic *baunō.
         bean  n.豆;菜豆,蠶豆
3. Possible suffixed form *bha-ko?. from Greek phakos, lentil.
         phacoemulsification 晶狀體乳化：用超聲波乳化晶狀體來切除白內障
4. Variant form *bha-bho?. from a Slavic source akin to Polish bób and Russian bob, lentil.
         bupkis

[Pokorny bhabhā 106.]

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→3181 : bhabhā 豆 bean ;?吃_66

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?? 梆.006.b?ad-:好真棒 Good. (根: bat, boot, good, bet, best). Good.

1. from Old English betera, better, from Germanic (comparative) *batizō.
         better a.較好的ad.更好(地)v.改良n.較佳者
2. from Old English bet(e)st, best, from Germanic (superlative) *batistaz.
         best  a.最好的(good和well最高級)ad.最好地；最
3. from Old English bōt, remedy, aid, from Germanic noun *bōtō.
         boot  n.靴；(汽車后部的)行李箱；[the-]解雇
4. ultimately from Old Norse batna, to improve, from Germanic verb *batnan, to become better.
         batten n.板條,壓條 vt.用板條或壓條固定,（損人利己地）養肥自己

[Pokorny bhā?d? 106.]

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→3182 : bhā?d- 很好，更好 good, better
→3196 : bhāt- : bh?t- 擊球，擊球 to bat, hit ;?情_71 ;?工_21

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      bat    n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠
      batter n.擊球手v.(接連)猛擊
      battle n.戰役,戰斗;斗爭v.戰斗,斗爭,搏斗
      battledore 毽球：舊時的一種羽毛球游戲，用一個扁平的木槳和羽毛球進行游戲

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      betterment n.改好，改良，改進
      good  a.好的;善良的;擅長的;乖的n.好處;利益
      goodness n.善良，仁慈；(食物等)精華int.天哪
      booted adj.穿靴的
      boots n. 擦靴子的人；長筒靴；厚底短筒靴
      battler 戰斗；爭斗；與 ... 競爭
      bats  動詞bat的第三人稱單數形式；名詞bat的復數形式；蝙蝠；球棒或球拍；<俚>神經不正常的；怪異的；用棒擊打；眨眼睛 n. 蝙蝠；球棒或球拍； adj. <俚>神經不正常的；怪異的； v. 用棒擊打；眨眼睛
      battered adj.打扁了的,敲碎的
      batting n.拍打,（用在被中等的）棉花胎,棉套,棉絮

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?? 梆.007.b?ag-:分享掰開 To share out, apportion, also to get a share. (根: phag, pag). To share out, apportion, also to get a share.

1. from Greek phagein, to eat (< "to have a share of food").
        -phage 表示“吞噬者”：
        -phagia 表示“吃指定的東西，或以指定的方式吃”：
         phago- 表示“吃；消費”：
        -phagous 表示“吃；喂食”：
   esophagus n.食道
2. from Greek phagros, whetstone ("eater, that eats metal"), also a name for the sea bream, from Greek suffixed form *phag-ro?.
         porgy 真鯛：鯛科各種深色海洋食用魚之一種，尤指較常見的赤鯛 ，其生活于地中海和大西洋中
3. from a Slavic source akin to Czech neboh, poor, unfortunate, from Common Slavic *ne-bog?, poor ("un-endowed").
         nebbish 膽小鬼
4. from Sanskrit bhaga?, good fortune.
         pagoda 佛塔
         Bhagavad-Gita 薄伽梵歌：并入摩柯婆羅多 的印度教經文，古梵語史詩。哲學對話的形式寫成，是克里希納對阿周那王子在道德和神的存在本質方面的教導
5. from Sanskrit bhajati, he apportions.
         bhakti 守貞專奉：得到靈魂拯救的虔誠方式，強調信徒對神的摯愛忠誠，并向所有性別和社會等級的人公開
6. Extended form *bhags?. from Persian bakhshīdan, to give, from Avestan bakhsh?.
         baksheesh 施舍，小費
         buckshee 額外獲得的免費物品：免費獲得的額外的或剩余的物品

[Pokorny 1. bhag? 107.]

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→3183 : 1. bhag- 分配，分配 to divide, apportion ;?空_232

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esophageal adj.食道的，食管的

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?? 光.008.b?āg?u-:手臂樹枝 Arm. (根: bough). Arm. Oldest form *bhāg?hu?, becoming *bhāghu? in centum languages.

      bough n.大樹枝,主枝 from Old English bōg, bōh, bough, from Germanic *bōguz.

[Pokorny bhāghú-s (misprint for bhāg?hú-s ) 108.]

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?? 光.009.b?āgo-:櫸樹發散 Beech tree. (根: book, beech, buck). Beech tree.

1. 1. from Old English bōc, written document, composition;
            book  n.書，書籍vt.訂(票，座位，房間等)，預定
   2. from Middle Dutch boek, beech;
            buckwheat 蕎麥
   3. from Norwegian bok, book. a-c all from Germanic *bōkō, beech, also "beech staff for carving runes on" (an early Germanic writing device).
            Bokm?l 參見 [Dano-Norwegian]
2. from Old English bēce, beech, from Germanic *bōkjōn?.
         beech n.山毛櫸樹或其木材

[Pokorny bhāgó-s 107.]

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→3185 : bhāgó-s 山毛櫸(樹) beech (tree) ;?天_42, ?農_62

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      booking n.登記,預約
      bookish adj.書本上的，好學的,書呆子
      booklet n.小冊子

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?? 光.010.b?ard?-ā-:胡須發散 Beard. (根: barb, beard, berd). Beard.

1. from Old English beard, beard, from Germanic *bardaz.
         beard n.胡須
2. from Old High German barta, beard, ax, from Germanic *bardō, beard, also hatchet, broadax.
    halberd 戟
3. from Latin barba, beard.
         barb  n.魚鉤.vt.裝倒鉤于
         barbel 觸須：某些魚類，如鯰魚，從頭部延伸出的細長的須狀觸覺器官也作 [barb1]
         barbellate {植物學} 表皮有鉤形短刺的：
         barber n.理發師vt.為…理發修整vi.當理發師
         barbette 炮墩，炮座：堡壘內部的平臺或土墩，大炮可從中越過胸墻而發射
         barbicel 羽纖支：從一根羽毛的羽小支上延伸或與羽小支交叉的細小鉤狀凸起之一
         barbule 鳥之小羽枝
         barbut
         bichon 比丘
      rebarbative 厭惡的

[Pokorny bhardhā 110.]

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→3191 : bhardhā 胡須 beard ;?身_142

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      bearded adj.（男子）有胡須的,（植物）有芒的,（魚鉤等）有倒刺的,（編結針等）有鉤的
      beardless adj.無須的，年輕的，無芒的
      barbed adj.有刺的,具側刺毛的,(話語)尖刻的,尖銳的,諷刺的

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?? 光.011.b?ars-2:大麥須芒 Barley. (根: far, barn). Also bhars-.
Barley.

1. 1. from Old English bere, barley, from Germanic *bariz?;
            barn  n.谷倉,倉庫vt.把…貯存入倉
   2. from Old English b?rlic, barley-like, barley, from Germanic *barz?.
            barley n.大麥
2. from Latin far (stem farr?), spelt, grain.
         farina 谷粉：由谷物顆粒和各種其它植物果實精制的細粉，通常用以加工谷類食品和布丁
         farinaceous 由淀粉制成，富于或含有淀粉的
         farraginous 混雜的：由各種不同物質構成
         farrago 大雜燴
         farro 法羅

[Pokorny bhares? 111.]

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→3193 : bhares- 大麥 barley ;?農_44, ?空_352, ?感_74

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?? 梆.012.b?au-:棒梆敲打 To strike. (根: but, beat, fut, batt, beet, foot). To strike. Oldest form *bheh₂u?, colored to *bhah₂u?, becoming *bhau?.
Derivatives include beat, buttock, halibut, button, and refute.

1. from Old English bēatan, to beat, from Germanic *bautan.
         beat  n.敲打;(心臟等)跳動v.打敗;(心臟等)跳動
2. from Old English b?tl, hammer, mallet, from Germanic *bautilaz, hammer.
         beetle n.甲蟲
         battledore 毽球：舊時的一種羽毛球游戲，用一個扁平的木槳和羽毛球進行游戲
3. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse beysta, to beat, denominative from Germanic *baut-sti?.
         baste vt.粗縫,潤以油脂,(在烤肉上)涂油,狠揍,大罵
4. from Old English diminutive buttuc, end, strip of land, from Germanic *būtaz.
         buttock 屁股
5. 1. from Middle Dutch butte, flatfish;
      halibut n.大比目魚
   2. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish but, flatfish. Both a and b from Germanic *butt?, name for a flatfish.
            turbot 大菱鲆
6. from Old French bo(u)ter, to strike, push, from Germanic *buttan.
         bouton 棒頭
         butt  n.粗大的一端,靶垛,笑柄 v.以頭抵撞,碰撞
         button n.紐扣,按鈕(開關)v.扣緊;扣上紐扣
         buttress n.(建筑)扶壁,支持物 vt.支持,(以扶壁)扶住
       abut  v.鄰接,毗鄰
      rebut  v.反駁
   sackbut 薩克布號：一種類似長號的中世紀樂器
7. Variant zero-grade form *bhū? (< *bhu??, metathesized from *bh?u?). Suffixed form *bhū-t-ā?.
   1. from Latin cōnfūtāre, to check, suppress, restrain (com?, intensive prefix; see kom );
      confute 駁倒
   2. from Latin refūtāre, to drive back, rebut (re?, back; see re- ).
         refute 打回去:vt.反駁，駁斥；駁倒
8. Possibly reduced suffixed form *bhu-tu? (*bh?u?) from Latin futuere, to have intercourse with (a woman).
         footle 閑混
         clafoutis 克拉福蒂斯

[Pokorny 1. bhā?u? 112.]

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→3197 : 1. bhā?u- : bhū?- 打，打 to hit, beat ;?工_21

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      beatable adj.可以戰勝的；能被打敗的
      beater n.攪拌器,敲打者
      beating v.挫敗 n.打,敲打
  unbeatable adj.打不垮的,不可摧毀的
  unbeaten adj.未被打過的
  unbutton vt.解開...的鈕扣 vi.解開鈕扣
    abutment n.鄰接，橋礅，橋基,扶垛,對接,接界
   rebuttal n.舉反例，反駁，抗辯
irrefutable 無可辯駁的
irrefutably 不能反駁的；不能回答的；不可否認的
   refutation n.駁斥
      hobbit n.（英國作家J R R Tolkien筆下的）

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?? 流.013.b?eg?-:逃跑害怕 To run. (根: beck). To run.

1. from Old Norse bekkr, a stream, from Germanic *bakjaz, a stream.
         beck  小溪，召喚
2. from Greek phobos, panic, flight, fear, from phebesthai, to flee in terror.
        -phobe 表示“恐懼或厭惡某一特定事物的人”：
        -phobia 恐怖

[Pokorny bheg^u?? 116.]

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?? 梆.014.b?ei-:蜜蜂蜇 A bee. (根: bee). A bee.

      bee    n.蜂，蜜蜂；忙碌的人 from Old English bēo, a bee, from Germanic suffixed form *bīōn?.

[Pokorny bhei? 116.]

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→3208 : bhei- 蜜蜂(昆蟲) bee (insect) ;?動_82

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?? 梆.015.b?eid-:蟲咬撕裂 To split ; (根: bit, boat, fiss, bait, vent, bet). To split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking.
Derivatives include bite, bitter, and fission.

1. 1. from Old English bītan, to bite;
            beetle n.甲蟲
            bite  v./n.咬,叮n.一口
   2. from Old High German bīzan, bizzan, to bite. Both a and b from Germanic *bītan.
            tsimmes 文火燉煮的果菜：在文火上慢煮的蔬菜或水果
2. Zero-grade form *bhid?.
   1. from Old English bite, a bite, sting, from Germanic *bitiz;
            bit    n.一點,一些;小塊,少量;片刻;[計]位,比特
   2. 1. from Old English bita, a piece bitten off, morsel;
      2. from a Germanic source akin to Old Norse biti, bit, crossbeam;
               bitt  系纜柱：垂直的柱子，常為一對中的一個，固定在船的甲板上，用于系住繩子或纜繩
      3. from Italian pizza, pizza, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German bizzo, pizzo, bite, morsel. (i)-(iii) all from Germanic *bitōn?;
               pizza n.比薩餅(一種涂有乳酪核番茄醬的意大利式有餡烘餅)
      4. from Medieval Greek pita, perhaps from Gothic *bita, bite, morsel. (i)-(iv) all from Germanic *bitōn?.
               pita n.（希臘和中東地區的）皮塔餅
   3. suffixed form *bhid-ro?. from Old English bit(t)er, "biting," sharp, bitter.
            bitter a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厲害的
3. O-grade form *bhoid?.
   1. from Old Norse beita (verb), to hunt with dogs, and beita (noun), pasture, food;
            bait  n.餌,誘惑物 vt.以餌引誘(動物),把餌裝上,欺負,折磨 vi.中途休息
   2. from Old French beter, to harass with dogs. Both a and b from Germanic *baitjan.
          abet  唆使去咬:vt.教唆，煽動，支持
4. from Old French gibiez, game, from Germanic *gabaiti? (*ga?, collective prefix; see kom ).
         giblets 禽類的內臟
5. from Old English bāt, boat, from Germanic *bait?, a boat (< "dugout canoe" or "split planking").
         bateau n.（尤指加拿大的一種）平底船，輕舟
         boat  n.小船,艇
         boatswain 水手長
6. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhi-n-d?. from Latin findere, to split.
         -fid 分裂成部分或裂片的：
         fissi- 裂變：
         fissile 易裂變的
         fission 裂變
         fissure n.裂縫，裂溝v.裂開，分裂
         vent  n.出口.v.排出,發泄

[Pokorny bheid? 116.]

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→3209 : bheid- 咬，刺，刺，劈 to bite, prick, pierce, split ;?身_58, ?工_27, ?感_78

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      biter n.咬人的動物，騙子
      biting adj.刺痛的,尖銳的
      bitingly adv.如刺地，刺痛地
      bitten vbl.咬
overbite 牙齒咬合
      bitty adj.片斷的，細短的，支離破碎的
      bitterly adv.苦苦地,悲痛的,厲害的
      bitterness n.苦味,辛酸
      giblet n.（禽類的）內臟雜碎，橫隔膜肌肉部分,雞什
      boater n.乘船者,硬草帽
      boating n.劃船
      fissionable n.可裂變物質 adj.可引起核分裂的，可分裂的

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?? 梆.016.b?eid?-:堅釘信賴 To trust, confide, persuade. (根: fid, feder, faith, fi, bid, fy, feal). To trust, confide, persuade.
Derivatives include bide, fiancé, and infidel.

1. Probably Germanic *bīdan, to await (< "to await trustingly, expect, trust") from Old English bīdan, to wait, stay.
       abide v.忍受，持續，停留，遵守
         abode 住所，家
2. from Latin fīdere, to trust, confide, and fīdus, faithful.
         fiiancé 未婚夫：已訂婚并準備結婚的男人
         fiducial 根據信仰的；信托的；基準的
         fiduciary v.基于信用的，信托的，受信托的 n.被信托者，受托人
      affiance 使訂婚；使定親
      affiant 宣誓者：立下宣誓書的人
      affidavit 宣誓后陳述如下:n.宣誓書，宣誓后的聲明。西方古人重視誓言，證人在公證人前宣誓后提供的證詞可作為重要的法律證據。這種文
   confidant n.知己，密友
   confide vt.透露(秘密)，委托vi.透露秘密，信賴
   confident n.(of,in)確信的,自信的
     defiance n.蔑視；挑戰；反抗
     defy    v.(公然)違抗,反抗;蔑視
     diffident 缺乏自信的
3. Suffixed o-grade form *bhoidh-es?. from Latin foedus (stem foeder?), treaty, league.
         federal a.聯邦的;聯邦制的;聯合的;同盟的
         federate vt.& vi.（使）結成聯邦
   confederate 同謀
4. Zero-grade form *bhidh?. from Latin fidēs, faith, trust.
         faith n.信任,信用;信仰,信條
         fay 緊密連接，緊密配合
         fealty 宣誓效忠
         fideism 信仰主義：只信賴信仰而不相信科學的推理方法或對信仰提出質疑的哲學
         fidelity n.忠誠，忠實，保真度
      infidel 無信仰的:adj.異教徒的，無宗教信仰的n.異教徒
    perfidy 背叛，不忠

[Pokorny 1. bheidh? 117.]

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→3210 : 1. bheidh- 強迫；勸告、傾訴、鼓勵 to force; advise, confide, encourage ;?身_81, ?情_51

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   affy   
      bide  v.等待，居住，面臨，禁得起
      federation 聯合；聯邦；聯盟；聯邦政府
 perfidious 背叛的，不忠的

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    abiding adj.持久的，永久的；不變的
confidence n.(in)信任;信心,自信;秘密,機密
confidential adj.機密的，表示信任的，獲得信任的
confidentiality n.機密性
confidentially adv.秘密地,親密地，十分信任地
self-confidence n.自信,自信心
self-confident adj.自信的，自持的
  defiant adj.挑釁的；目中無人的，蔑視的；挑戰的
  diffidence n.缺乏自信
      federalism n.聯邦制；聯邦主義
      federalization n.聯邦化，同盟化
      federalize vt.使成聯邦，使同盟
      federally adv.同盟地,聯邦地,聯邦政府地,在聯邦政府一級
confederacy 同盟
confederation n.聯邦
      faithful a.守信的,忠實的,如實的,可靠的
      faithfully adv.忠誠地,如實地,切實遵守地
      faithfulness n.忠誠，正確，誠實,忠忱,忠心
      faithless adj.<正>不忠實的，不守信用的，背信棄義的
      faithlessness n.不貞,無信仰,不可信賴,無信用
interfaith adj.不同宗教信仰者（間）的，不同宗教團體（間）的
  unfaithful adj.不誠實的,不忠實的,不準確的
   infidelity n.無信仰，不信神；背信
 perfidious 背叛的，不忠的

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?? 光.017.b?el-1:發光閃亮 To shine, flash, burn ; shining white and various bright colors. (根: flam, blind, black, flamm, blink, flag, fulg, blu, blank, flav, blanc, blend, phleg, bleak, blond, blush, phlog, blaz, fulm, blem). To shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors.
Derivatives include blue, bleach, blind, blond, blanket, black, flagrant, and flame.

1. Suffixed full-grade form *bhel-o?.
   1. 1. from Russian bely?, white;
               beluga 白鱘魚
      2. from Scottish Gaelic bealltainn, from Old Irish beltaine, "fire of Bel" (ten, tene, fire), from Bel, name of a pagan Irish deity akin to the Gaulish divine name Belenos, from Celtic *bel-o?.
               Beltane 五朔節：一種古老的凱爾特人節日，以篝火的燃點和各種齋戒禮儀的表演為標志
   2. from Greek phalaros, having a white spot.
            phalarope n.磯鷂之類
   3. from Greek phallaina, moth (< *"white creature").
            phalaenopsis 蝴蝶蘭
2. Extended root *bhle?₁?, contracted to *bhlē?.
   1. Suffixed form *bhlē-wo?. from Old French bleu, blue, from Germanic *blēwaz, blue.
            blue  a.藍色的;青灰色的；沮喪的,陰郁的n.藍色
   2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl??-wo?. from Latin flāvus, golden or reddish yellow.
            flavescent 變黃的；發黃的
            flavo- 黃色的：
            flavin 黃素：在動植物組織中以黃素蛋白的輔酶形式存在的幾種水溶性顏料中的一種，包括核黃素
            flavone 黃酮：一種存在于各種櫻草的葉子或莖以及種囊中的晶狀粉末，C15H 10O 2，是許多重要黃色顏料的原料
            flavoprotein 黃素蛋白：由黃素與蛋白質相結合的任一類脫氫酶，在生化反應中作為脫氫反應的催化劑
3. Various extended Germanic forms.
   1. from Old English bl?can, to bleach, from Germanic *blaikjan, to make white.
            bleach v.漂白,變白
   2. from Old Norse bleikr, shining, white, from Germanic *blaikaz, shining, white.
            bleak a.寒冷的,荒涼的,黯淡的
   3. from Old High German bl?cchazzen, to flash, lighten, from Germanic *blikkatjan.
            blitzkrieg 閃電站
   4. 1. from Old English bl?se, torch, bright fire;
               blaze n.火焰.vi.照耀,激發,燃燒
      2. from Middle Dutch bles, white spot;
               blesbok 南非白面大羚羊：南非一種羚羊（南非白臉大羚羊） ，有彎曲的角，臉部有大的白色標記
      3. from Old French ble(s)mir, to make pale. a-c all from Germanic *blas?, shining, white.
               blemish n.污點,缺點,瑕疵 vt.弄臟,玷污,損害
   5. 1. from Old English blind, blind;
               blind a.盲的，瞎的；盲目的vt.使失明n.百葉窗
               blindfold n,眼罩,障眼物; vt.將...眼睛蒙起來,蒙騙 adj.看不清的,盲目的
          purblind 半盲的；愚鈍的；視力不佳的
      2. from Old High German blentan, to blind, deceive;
               blende 閃鋅礦：一種主要由含金屬硫化鹽組成的閃光礦物
      3. from Old Norse blanda, to mix;
               blend n.混合(物)v.混和,混雜
      4. from Old French blond, blond. a-d all from Germanic *blendaz, clouded, and *bland?, *bland-ja?, to mix, mingle (< "make cloudy").
               blond adj.亞麻色的，金色的,淺色的,白膚金發碧眼的 n.膚色白皙的金發女人,白膚金發碧眼人
   6. 1. from Old English blencan, to deceive;
               blench 驚悸
      2. from Old French blanc, white. Both a and b from Germanic *blenk?, *blank?, to shine, dazzle, blind.
               blanch v.漂白,使變白,遮斷陽光 發白
               blank a.空白的,空著的;失色的n.空白;表格
               blanket n.毯子(可數)；厚厚一層(可數)vt.鋪上一層
               blancmange 果味牛奶凍
         Pinot Blanc 白比諾
   7. from Old English blyscan, to glow red, from Germanic *blisk?, to shine, burn.
            blush vi.臉紅，慚愧,變紅,害臊，怕羞 n.臉紅，紅色,<古>一見，一瞥
4. Extended root *bhleg?, to shine, flash, burn.
   1. O-grade form bhlog?. from Old English bl?c, black, from Germanic *blakaz, burned.
            black a.黑(色)的；黑暗的n.黑(色)；黑暗；黑人
   2. Zero-grade form *bhl?g?.
      1. from Latin fulgēre, to flash, shine, and fulgur, lightning;
               fulgent 光輝的，燦爛的
               fulgurate 閃電般發光
            effulgent 燦爛的
               foudroyant 引起敬畏的，令人眼花繚亂的
            refulgent 燦爛的
      2. from Latin fulmen (< *fulg-men), lightning, thunderbolt.
               fulminate 憤怒譴責
   3. 1. from Latin flagrāre, to blaze;
               flagrant 正在發光的:adj.公然的，明目張膽的，臭名昭著的
         conflagrant 速燃的
         conflagration 大火
           deflagrate 爆燃；突然燃燒
      2. from Latin flamma (< *flag-ma), a flame.
               chamise 薔薇屬灌木：一種薔薇科常綠灌木（手杖木） ，原產于加利福尼亞州，有聚成傘狀的小針葉和簇生的白色小花
               flammbé 用酒燃燒：把一種酒（例如白蘭地）澆在…上并點燃：
               flambeau 點燃的火炬
               flamboyant 正在燃燒的:adj.艷麗的；火焰似的；炫耀的n.鳳凰木
               flame n.火焰,火苗;熱情;光輝v.發火焰,燃燒
               flamingo ①弗拉門科舞（一種節奏明快的西班牙舞蹈）②火烈鳥
               flammable adj.易燃的，可燃的n.易燃物
            inflame 在火焰中:v.(使)燃燒，激怒，(使)發炎，等于enflame
   4. from Greek phlegein, to burn.
            phlegm 痰，冷淡，遲鈍，冷靜，鎮定
            phlegmatic 冷淡的，遲鈍的，冷靜的，鎮定的
            Phlegethon 地獄火河：一條火河，地獄的五條河之一
   5. O-grade form *bhlog?. from Greek phlox, a flame, also a wallflower.
            phlogiston n.（舊時人們人們認為存在于可燃物中的）燃素，熱素
            phlox 福祿考（高大開花植物）
            phlogopite 金云母：一種黃色或黑褐色的云母K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi 3O 10(OH) 2，用于絕緣

[Pokorny 1. bhel? 118,bheleg? 124,bhleu-(k)? 159.]

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→3214 : 1. bhel-, Balto-Slavic also bhel?- 閃閃發光的白色 glittering white
→3222 : bheleg- 閃閃發光 to shine, glisten
→3264 : bhlē?ig?-, bhlīg?- 閃耀，閃耀 to shine, glitter
→3266 : bhlendh- 暗淡、蒼白、金發、微紅 dim, pale, blond, reddish
→3267 : bhles- 閃閃發光 to shine, glitter
→3271 : bhleu-(k-) 燃燒 to burn
→3272 : bhlē-u?o-s 淺色(藍色、黃色) a light color (blue, yellow) ;?感_56, ?感_64 ;?感_56 ;?感_56 ;?感_66, ?感_69 ;?感_56 ;?天_85 ;?感_62, ?感_67, ?感_69

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      bald adj.光禿的,單調的,枯燥的
      pill n.藥丸
      pool n.水池,游泳池;合資經營v.合伙經營,聯營
      blacken v.使變黑,誹謗
      blacksmith n.鍛工,鐵匠
      blink v.|n.眨眼,閃爍,對..視而不見
      blitz n.[軍]閃電戰 vt.以閃電戰攻擊
      Blitzen
      Blixem
      blonde n.白膚金發碧眼女人 adj.（頭發）亞麻色的，金色的,白皙的,白膚金發碧眼的
      blunder v.跌跌撞撞地走,犯大錯,做錯 n.大錯,失誤

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      blueness n.藍色，藍，青
      blues n.抑郁,沮喪,憂郁布魯斯歌曲(藍調音樂)
      bluish a.帶藍色的
      bleakness 缺少顏色、缺少植被、缺少友愛的性質和狀態
      blazing adj.熾燒的,閃耀的,強烈的
      blinding adj.使眩目的,使失去判斷力的 n.碎石子
      blindingly 很；極其
      blindly adv.盲目地,摸索地
      blindness n.失明,盲目,無知,輕率
      blender n.摻和器,攪拌機
      blankly adv.茫然地,完全地
      blankness n.空白，單調，空虛
      blusher 胭脂
      blackish adj.帶黑色的
      blackly adv.黑暗，抑郁地
      blackness n.黑色,黑人民族性,陰郁,邪惡
   effulgence n.光輝
      fulmination n.嚴詞譴責,爆發
      flagrantly adv.罪惡昭彰地,千真萬確地，極惡地,悍然,橫加
      flamboyance n.火紅,艷麗,炫耀
      flamboyantly adv.艷麗地、奢華地、絢麗地。
anti-inflammatory adj.& n.抗炎的（藥）
      flaming adj.燃燒的；火紅的；激昂的
   inflammation n.炎癥，發炎，燃燒，發火
   inflammatory adj.煽動性的
      flammability n.易燃，可燃性
   inflammable 易燃的，易激怒的
      balding adj.成為禿頭的
      baldly adv.坦率地
      baldness n.光禿，枯燥，率直,無芒性,禿發,禿病
      blinker 馬眼罩
      blinkered 目光狹窄的
      blinking adj.閃光的,一眨眼的
  unblinking adj.不眨眼的，堅定的，不動搖的

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?? 流.018.b?el-2:吹鼓氣球 To blow, swell ; (根: fla, ball, bal, bla, boll, bold, bowl, bull, foll, fool, phall, bawd, boul, bulk, bul, ful). To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity.
Derivatives include boulevard, boulder, phallus, balloon, ballot, and fool.

1. Zero-grade form bhl??.
   1. from Old English bolla, pot, bowl;
            bowl  n.碗(狀物),缽
   2. from Old Norse bolr, tree trunk;
            bole 樹干
   3. from Old Norse bulki, cargo (< "rolled-up load");
            bulk  n.體積,容積;主體,大批,大量,大塊
   4. from Old High German bolla, ball;
            rocambole 胡蒜：一種產于歐洲有類似大蒜的球莖的植物（蔥屬{ }蒜（葫） 或 香蔥）
   5. from Middle High German bole, beam, plank;
            boulevard n.<美>林蔭大道
            bulwark n.壁壘,防波堤
   6. from Middle Dutch bolle, round object;
            boll  棉鈴
   7. from Middle Dutch bille, buttock;
            biltong 干肉：曬干的細肉條
   8. from a Scandinavian source akin to Swedish bullersten, "rounded stone," boulder, from *buller?, "round object." a-h all from Germanic *bul?.
            boulder n.大石頭
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl?-n?.
   1. from Old Norse boli, bull, from Germanic *bullōn?;
            bull  n.公牛
   2. from Old English bulluc, bull, from Germanic *bulluka?;
            bullock 閹牛；小公牛
   3. from Greek phallos, phallus;
            phallus 陰莖
      ithyphallic 陰莖形象的：在古代祭祀酒神巴克斯時，所抬的陰莖形像的；或與此有關的
   4. possibly Latin fullō, a fuller
            full  a.(of)滿的,充滿的a./ad.完全,充分
            refoulement 驅回
3. O-grade form *bhol?.
   1. from Old English beallucas, testicles;
            bollock vt.臭罵
            bollix 弄糟：搞亂；弄壞或拙劣地做：
   2. from Old English *beall, ball;
            ball  n.球(狀物);(正式的)舞會vt.把…捏成球狀
   3. from Old High German bal, ball;
      foosball n.桌上足球
   4. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Danish bolle round roll
            bilberry n.越橘
   5. from Italian dialectal balla, ball;
            balloon n.氣球,飛船；a.氣球狀的v.乘坐氣球；膨脹
            ballot 小球:n.選票。源于古希臘人用來投票的黑白兩色小球
            ballottement 沖擊觸診：用來探測和檢查體內懸浮物體的一種觸診技術，如：
   6. from Italian palla, ball;
            pall-mall 鐵圈球游戲：一種17世紀的游戲，用木槌將一黃楊木球打過懸掛在球道末端的鐵圈
   7. from Old French bale, rolled-up bundle. a-g all from Germanic *ball?.
            bale  大球:n.大包，捆v.打包
4. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to?.
   1. from Old English bald, beald, bold;
            bold  a.大膽的,勇敢的;冒失的;黑體的,粗體的
   2. from Old Saxon bald, bold;
            bawd  鴇母
   3. from Old Norse ballr, baldr, brave. a-c from Germanic *balthaz, bold.
            Balder 巴爾德爾：掌管光明的古斯堪的納維亞神
5. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-n?. from Latin follis, bellows, inflated ball.
         fils 子，小輩：當父子有相同姓時用于區分他們
         follicle 行囊，卵泡
         folly n.愚蠢,荒唐事
         fool  n.傻子，笨蛋vt.欺騙，愚弄vi.干蠢事
6. Possibly Greek phal(l)aina, whale
         baleen n.鯨須
7. Conceivably from this root (but more likely unrelated) is Greek phellos, cork, cork oak
         phellem {植物學} 參見 [cork]
         phelloderm 栓內層：在內部由軟木新生層產生的組織
         phellogen 參見 [cork cambium]

[Pokorny 3. bhel? 120.]
The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel-³, bhelgh-, bhleu-.

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→3216 : 3. bhel-, bhlē- 生長、擴散、膨脹、膨脹 to grow, spread, swell, inflate
→3223 : bheleu- 打擊，削弱；生病，虛弱 to hit, weaken; ill, weak ;?工_32, ?空_53 ;?身_82, ?身_84, ?工_21

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   afflatus 靈感，神感：強烈的創造欲；神明啟示
      ballock
      bield
      bladder n.膀胱,氣泡
      blase 厭煩的
      blast n.一陣(風);爆炸沖擊波;管樂器聲v.爆炸
      blather 喋喋不休的說
      blaze n.火焰.vi.照耀,激發,燃燒
      blow vi.吹，吹氣，打氣；吹奏；爆炸；n.打,打擊
conflate 合并
  deflate vt.放氣；使縮??；緊縮通貨；打擊；使泄氣vi.縮??；物價下降
      flabellum 扇形器官：扇形的解剖結構
      flageolet 六孔豎笛：一種有圓柱形吹口、四個指孔和兩個拇指孔的小的長笛狀樂器
      flatulent 浮夸的
      flatus 腸胃脹氣；屁；氣息；陣風
      flavescent 變黃的；發黃的
      flavin 黃素：在動植物組織中以黃素蛋白的輔酶形式存在的幾種水溶性顏料中的一種，包括核黃素
      flavoprotein 黃素蛋白：由黃素與蛋白質相結合的任一類脫氫酶，在生化反應中作為脫氫反應的催化劑
      flavor n.(flavour)情味;風味;滋味v.給…調味
   inflate 往里吹:vt.使充氣；使通貨膨脹vi.膨脹；充氣
insufflate 吹進或吸入
      isinglass n.魚膠，明膠（用作膠粘劑和印刷油墨），云母,鰾膠,白明膠
      souffle n.[醫]雜音,吹氣音
      baleful 邪惡的

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      bowler n.玩滾球的人,玩球戲的人,(板球的)投手
      bowling n.保齡球
      bulky adj.大的,容量大的,體積大的
      bullish adj.似公牛的,看漲的,上揚的
      bollocks 胡說
      ballooning n.氣球操縱，乘氣球,鼓脹
      balloonist n.氣球駕駛者
      boldly adv.大膽地，顯眼地,冒
      boldness n.大膽，冒失，勇敢,魄力
      bawdy adj.低級下流的 n.粗話，下流作品
      follicular adj.小囊的，卵泡的，濾泡的
      foolish a.愚笨的,愚蠢的
      foolishness n.愚蠢，愚笨
      balefully adv.兇惡地,有害地,災難地

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?? 流.019.b?el-3:花開茂盛 To thrive, bloom. (根: flor, foli, flower, blood, bloom, bles, foil, bleed, flour, phyll, bloss, blad, fer). To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel-².
Derivatives include foliage, blossom, flora, bleed, bless, and blade.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-yo?, leaf.
   1. from Latin folium, leaf.
            foil  n.箔,金屬薄片
            foliage n.植物；葉子(總稱)
            folio 對開本，一頁
            folium {地質學} 葉形線：薄的葉狀地層，尤其出現于變質巖中
      cinquefoil n.洋莓屬的一種，五葉形的裝飾，梅花形,五指草,五瓣飾
        defoliate v.（使）落葉
        exfoliate 使葉片剝落，使死皮剝落
            feuilleton 小品欄：歐洲報紙專用于刊登取悅一般讀者的娛樂小說、評論以及文章的部分
       milfoil n.耆草屬植物，西洋耆草
       perfoliate 抱莖的：屬于或關于完全環繞莖部并明顯被莖穿過的無柄葉片或苞葉的
      portfolio 攜帶紙張(的東西):n.公文包，文件夾，證券投資組合，部長職務
        trefoil 三葉植物，三葉形裝飾圖案
   2. from Greek phullon, leaf.
           -phyll 表示“葉子”：
            phyllo- 葉子
           -phyllous 具有某種葉子的；具有特定數量葉子的：
      anthophyllite 直閃石,花葉石
            chervil 細葉芹
      gillyflower 麝香石竹：麝香石竹或類似的石竹屬 植物
      podophyllin 盾葉鬼臼樹脂：從盾葉鬼臼的干制根中提煉出來的一種苦味樹脂，在醫學上用作一種瀉藥和腐蝕劑
2. Extended form *bhlē? (< *bhle??).
   1. O-grade form *bhlō?.
      1. Suffixed form *bhlō-w?. from Old English blōwan, to flower, from Germanic *blō-w?;
               blow vi.吹，吹氣，打氣；吹奏；爆炸；n.打,打擊
      2. 1. from Old Norse blōm, blōmi, flower, blossom;
                  bloom n.花(朵);開花(期)v.開花
         2. from Old English blōma, a hammered ingot of iron (semantic development obscure). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic suffixed form *blō-mōn?.
      3. from Old English blōstm, blōstma, flower, blossom, from Germanic suffixed form *blō-s?;
               blossom n.花(簇)；花期；青春vi.開花；展開；繁榮
      4. from Latin flōs (stem flōr?), flower, from Italic suffixed form *flō-s?;
               ferret n.白鼬,雪貂,偵探,細帶 vt.用雪貂打獵,追趕,搜出,驅出 vi.用雪豹狩獵,搜索
               flora n.植物群，植物區系，芙羅拉(古羅馬神話中的花神)
               floral a.花的,像花的
               floret 花部
               floriated 以花的圖案裝飾
               florid 紅潤的
               florin 弗羅林（英國舊時兩先令的硬幣）
               florist n.花商，種花人
              -florous 有…花：有某種或某些花的：
               flour n.面粉
               flourish n./v.繁榮,茂盛,興旺
               flower n.花；精華，精粹，精英；盛時vi.開花
         cauliflower n.[植]花椰菜
           deflower 奪去貞操
            effloresce 開花；開放
               enfleurage 花香吸取法：制造香水的一道工序，此工序中無味的油脂及油吸取新鮮花的芬芳香味
               florigen 成花素：一種促使花開放的植物激素
               millefiori glass 玻璃工藝玻璃,千禧玻璃
               millefleur 花草布景：以花卉或植物為背景
      5. suffixed form *bhlō-to?, possibly in the meaning "swell, gush, spurt" in Germanic *blōdam, blood.
         1. from Old English blōd, blood;
                  blood n.血液，血；血統，血親；血氣
         2. from Old English *blēdan, to bleed, from Germanic denominative *blōdjan;
                  bleed vt.使出血，榨取vi.出血,流血
         3. from Old English bloedsian, blētsian, to consecrate, from Germanic *blōdisōn, to treat or hallow with blood.
                  bless vt.祝福,保佑,有幸具有
   2. from Medieval Latin blādum, bladium, produce of the land, grain, from Germanic suffixed form *blē-da?.
            emblements 莊稼收益：法律上屬于土地占有人的土地上的莊稼或出產物
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl?-to?. from Old English bl?d, leaf, blade, from Germanic *bladaz.
            blade n.刀刃，刀片；槳葉；草葉，葉片

[Pokorny 4. bhel? 122.]

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→3217 : 4. bhel-, and bhlē-, bhlō-, bhl?- 葉，箔，葉片；開花 leaf, foil, blade; bloom ;?農_56, ?農_57

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  defoliation n.落葉,采葉,去葉
  exfoliation n.脫落，脫落物，表皮剝脫,頁狀剝落
      bloomed adj. 模糊的(無反射的)
      bloomer 大錯
      blooming adj.盛開的
      flowered adj.花開著的,用花裝飾的
      flowering adj.開花的 n.開花,以花飾
      flowery adj.花的；華麗的；絢麗的；多花的
      floury adj.粉狀的，因粉變白的
   efflorescence 全盛期
      blooded adj.有（某種的）血的，血統優良的，有戰斗經驗的
      bloodily adv.出血地,血淋淋地,殘忍地,野蠻地
      bloodless adj.(手術,斗爭等)不流血的,蒼白的,冷酷的
      bloody a.流血的,血腥的
      bleeder n.吸血鬼，渾蛋,分壓器
      bleeding n.出血,流血
      blessedly adv.幸福地，神圣地
      blessedness n.幸福,天恩
      blessing n.祝福

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?? 流.020.b?elg?-:鼓風膨脹 To swell. (根: bell, bill, budg, bolst, bulg, bla). To swell. Extension of bhel-² . Oldest form *bhelg?h?, becoming *bhelgh? in centum languages.

1. O-grade form *bholgh?. from Old English bel(i)g, b?lig, bag, bellows, from Germanic *balgiz.
         bellows 風箱
         belly n.腹部,胃 vi.漲滿
2. Zero-grade form *bhl?gh?. from Old Norse bylgja, a wave, from Germanic *bulgjan.
         billow n.巨浪,波浪般滾滾向前的東西 v.翻騰
3. Zero-grade form *bhl?gh?. from Old English bolster, cushion, from Germanic *bulgstraz.
         bolster n.墊子.vt.支持,支撐
4. O-grade form *bholgh?.
   1. from Irish bolg, bolc, bag.
            Fir Bolg 冷杉的博客
            Imbolc
   2. from Latin bulga, leather sack, from Celtic *bolg?.
            budget n.預算v.做預算
            bulge n.|v.膨脹,鼓起

[Pokorny bhelg?h? 125.]

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→3224 : bhelg?h- 膨脹、膨脹、翻滾 to swell, bulge, billow ;?空_53

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      blagging 閑聊：在公共場所的非正式談話，通常在男人之間：

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      bellyful n.一肚子,滿肚子,過量,過分（尤指不受歡迎）
underbelly n.下腹部的，物體的下方，易受攻擊的地帶
      billowy adj.巨浪似的，洶涌的,滔天,滔滔
      budgetary adj.預算的

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?? 緊.021.b?end?-:繃緊綁定 To bind. (根: band, bend, bind, bund, bond, bin, bon). To bind.
Derivatives include bind, bandanna, and bundle.

1. 1. from Old English bindan, to bind;
            bind  v.捆,綁,包括,束縛
      woodbine 忍冬屬植物
   2. from Old High German binten, to bind. Both a and b from Germanic *bindan.
            bindlestiff 流浪者，游民：流浪漢，尤指帶著鋪蓋卷的人
2. from Sanskrit bandhati, he ties.
         bandanna n.大手帕（等于bandana）
3. O-grade form *bhondh?.
   1. from Old English bend, band, and Old French bende, band;
            bend  v.(使)彎曲;屈從,屈服n.彎曲(處),曲折處
        ribbon n.緞帶,絲帶,帶,帶狀物
   2. from Old English bendan, to bend;
   3. from Old Norse band, band, fetter;
            band  n.條,帶;樂隊;波段;一群,一伙v.縛,綁扎
            bond  n.結合(物),粘結(劑),聯結;公債,債券,契約
   4. from Old High German band, band;
      gum band 參見 [rubber band]
   5. from Old French bande, bond, tie, link. a-e all from Germanic *band?.
4. Suffixed form *bhondh-o?. from Old Iranian banda?, bond, fetter.
         bund  n.東亞各國的堤岸，碼頭，同盟
   cummerbund 寬腰帶
5. Zero-grade form *bhn?dh?.
   1. from Middle High German bunt, league;
   2. from Middle Dutch bondel, sheaf of papers, bundle. Both a and b from Germanic *bund?.
            bundle n.捆,包,束

[Pokorny bhendh? 127.]

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→3227 : bhendh- 捆綁 to tie, bind ;?工_16

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      binder n.裝訂工,包扎者,包扎工具,[法律]臨時契約
      binding n.裝訂,捆綁,捆綁物,粘合物
  unbind vt.解開，解放
      bendable 可彎曲的
      bended adj.彎曲的
  unbend 放松，拉直
  unbending 頑固的，固執的
      banded 有帶的，有條子的
      banding n.條帶,（如按能力、價值、交稅等）分類,染色體帶,（凝膠劑等上的）分子聚集顯帶
 disband v.解散,裁減
      bonded adj.有擔保的,（債務）以債券作保證的,（材料）黏合的,（旅游公司等）通過保險單（游客）受保護的
      bonding n.黏結,連搭，焊，膠，粘接，結耦，焊，接合，壓焊,磚石砌體砌合
      bundled 附隨的
      bundling n.打小包，集束，成束

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?? f力.022.b?er-1:抱負攜帶 To carry ; also to bear children. (根: fer, bear, phor, Fortun, fert, pher, bir, bor, burd, br, probr, fort, furt, bar, bur). To carry; also to bear children.
Derivatives include birth, fertile, suffer, furtive, and metaphor.

1. 1. 1. from Old English beran, to carry;
               bear  n.熊v.忍受,容忍;負擔;結果實,生子女
      2. from Old English forberan, to bear, endure (for?, for?; see per ¹). Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *beran.
           forbear 克制
   2. from Old English bēr, b?r, bier, and Old French biere bier, both from Germanic *bērō;
            bier n.棺材，棺材架
   3. from Old Norse bāra, wave, billow, from Germanic *bēr?.
            bore  v.鉆(孔),挖(洞);煩擾n.討厭的人,麻煩事
2. 1. from Old English bearn, child, from Germanic *barnam;
            bairn 小孩
   2. from Old English bearwe, basket, wheelbarrow, from Germanic *barwōn?.
            barrow 小推車，古墳
3. 1. from Old English *borlic, excellent, exalted (< "borne up"), from Germanic *bur?;
            burly adj.魁偉的,結實的
   2. from Old English byrthen, burden, from Germanic *burthinja?;
            burden n.擔子，重擔，負擔vt.給予負擔或麻煩
   3. from a source akin to Old Norse burdhr, birth, from Germanic *burthiz;
            birth n.出生，誕生；出身，血統；起源；出現
   4. from Old Norse byrr, favorable wind, perhaps from Germanic *burja?.
            birr  呼呼聲
4. Compound root *bhrenk?, to bring (< *bher? + *enk?, to reach; see nek-²). from Old English bringan, to bring, from Germanic *brengan.
         bring v.拿來，帶來；產生，引起；使處于某種狀態
5. from Latin ferre, to carry.
        -fer  帶有者：
         fertile a.肥沃的,富饒的;能繁殖的
      afferent adj.傳入的,向心
   circumference 帶著繞一周:n.周長，胸圍
   confer vt.授予，頒與,比較，對照 vi.商議，磋商
     defer  拿開:v.推遲，延期；服從。原本=differ，后來受delay的影響詞義發生變化
     differ v.(from)與…不同;(with)與…意見不同
      efferent adj.傳出的 n.輸出管
      infer  v.推論,推斷
      offer  v.提供,提議,出現n.出價,提議,意圖
    prefer v.(to)更喜歡,寧愿
   proffer 提出來:n.提供；提出；提議vt.提供；提出；奉獻
      refer  v.參考,查詢;提到,引用,涉及;提交,上呈
    suffer v.(from)受痛苦,患病;受損失;遭受;忍受
   transfer vt./n.轉移；轉換；轉讓；過戶；遷移；改乘
   vociferate 叫喊；大叫大嚷
6. Prefixed and suffixed zero-grade form *pro-bhr-o?, "something brought before one" (*pro?, before; see per¹). from Latin probrum, a reproach.
     opprobrium 譴責，抨擊
7. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhr?-tu? in Latin words having to do with "chance" (? < "a bringing, that which is brought").
   1. from Latin fortuītus, happening by chance;
            fortuitous 偶然發生的
   2. from Latin fortūna, chance, good luck, fortune, and Fortūna, goddess of good fortune.
            Fortuna 命運女神
            fortune n.運氣;命運;財產;財富
8. Probably lengthened o-grade form *bhōr?. from Latin fūr, thief.
         ferret n.白鼬,雪貂,偵探,細帶 vt.用雪貂打獵,追趕,搜出,驅出 vi.用雪豹狩獵,搜索
         furtive adj.偷偷摸摸的,鬼鬼祟祟的,秘密的,私下的,隱密的
         furuncle 參見 [boil2]
         furunculosis 癤?。禾卣鳛榻洺３霈F癤子的一種皮膚狀況
9. from Greek pherein, to carry, with o-grade noun phoros, a carrying.
         feretory 神龕：存放圣骨的容器；圣骨盒
        -phore 表示“擁有者，運送者”：
        -phoresis 表示“傳播，傳送”：
        -phorous 表示“攜帶”之意：
    amphora 雙耳細頸瓶
   anaphora n.首語重復法,咳出,努力呼吸
    diaphoresis 出汗：排汗，尤指過多的出汗
     euphoria 承受良好:n.精神歡快，欣快；興高采烈；欣快癥；幸福愉快感
   metaphor carryover:n.暗喻，隱喻；比喻說法
   periphery 帶著走一周:n.外圍，邊緣；圓周；圓柱體表面
         pheromone n.<生化>信息素
     telpher 電動纜車：通常由電力驅動、在高架的鐵軌或纜索上懸掛或移動的小型旅游車
   tocopherol n.生育酚，維生素E
10. from Greek phernē, dowry ("something brought by a bride").
    paraphernalia 隨身帶的東西:n.隨身用具；全部有關的事物；設備
11. from Sanskrit bharati, he carries, brings.
          sambal n.<馬來語>（源出馬來西亞、印度尼西亞的）咖喱飯調味品

[Pokorny 1. bher? 128.]

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→3229 : 1. bher- 攜帶，攜帶，攜帶 to bear, bring, carry ;?行_61, ?行_62

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      birthday n.生日；(成方)紀念日
      born  a.出生的，產生的；天生的，十足的
ommatophore 擔眼器：末端有一眼的可移動蕈形體柄，如見于一些蝸牛
phosphorus 帶來光線的:n.磷，晨星
  unborn adj.未來的

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      bearable adj.可忍受的，可容忍的,忍得住
      bearer n.送信人,搬運者
      bearing n.軸承；忍受；關系，影響；舉止；方向
      bearish adj.（尤指脾氣）像熊一樣的,粗暴的,<股>行情下跌的,引起跌風的
forebear n.祖先,祖宗
  unbearable adj.無法忍受的,承受不住的
  unbearably adv.不能忍受地，無法容忍地,慌
  forbearance n.忍耐，克制，寬容
  forbearing 克制的
      burdensome a.繁重的,難以承擔的,惱人的
overburden 使負擔過重
  unburden vt.卸去負荷,吐露心事，消除（思想、心靈上的）負擔
      birthing adj.和生育有關的；在分娩過程中使用的
   rebirth n.復活,新生
      brought vbl.帶來,使得
      fertility n.多產，豐饒，肥沃，生育力
      fertilization n.肥沃,施肥,授精
      fertilize vt.使受精；使肥沃
      fertilizer n.(fertiliser)肥料
   infertile adj.不肥沃的；不毛的；不結果實的；不能生殖的
   infertility n.不肥沃，不毛,不育
circumferential adj.圓周的
conferee n.被授予（稱號、學位）者,接受賜予者,參加商談者,協商會出席者
conference n.(正式)會議；討論，商談
conferment 授予，頒發
  deference n.順從；尊重
  deferential adj.恭敬的；慣于順從的
  deferentially adv.表示敬意地，謙恭地
  deferment n.遷延，延期，暫緩
  deferral n.延期，緩役
  difference n.差別,差異,分歧
  different a.差異的,差異的,不同的
  differentiable adj.可辨的，可區分的，可微的
  differential adj.微分的 n.微分
  differentially adv. 差別地；區別地
  differentiate v.區分，區別
  differentiation n.區別，分化,分異,衍進,求導數
  differently ad.不同地,有差別地
indifference n.漠不關心；冷淡；不重視；中立
indifferent a.冷漠的,不關心的,不積極的
   inference n.推論,推理,推斷;結論
   inferential adj.可以推論的，據推論得出的
   inferentially adv.推理地,推論地
   offering n.祭品，奉獻物，捐贈物，出售物
 preferable a.(to)更可取的,更好的
 preferably ad.更好地,寧愿
 preference n.(for,to)偏愛,喜愛;優惠;優先選擇
 preferential a.優先的,選擇的
 preferentially 醫優先地
 preferment 晉升
   referable 可參考的，相關的
   referee 被委托者:n.裁判，調解人v.仲裁，當裁判
   reference n.提及,涉及;參考,參考書目;證明書（人）
   referential adj.指示的，有參考內容的，用作參考的
   referral n.參考，提及，被推薦的人
insufferable 難以忍受的
insufferably adv.不能忍受地
 sufferance 忍耐，勉強同意，寬容
 sufferer n.受害者
 suffering n.苦楚,受難 adj.受苦的,患病的
transferability n.可轉讓性，可轉移性,可移植性
transference n.移動，轉送，轉讓
      fortunate a.幸運的,僥幸的
      fortunately ad.幸運地,幸虧
misfortune n.不幸；災禍，災難
  unfortunate a.不幸的
  unfortunately ad.不幸地,遺憾地
metaphoric 隱喻；象征
metaphorical adj.比喻性的，隱喻性的
metaphorically adv.比喻地，隱喻地
peripheral adj.外圍的；次要的；(神經)末梢區域的n.外部設備
   reborn adj.再生的,更新的,復興的
firstborn n. 長子(或長女)； adj. 最先出生的

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?? 光.023.b?er-3:棕熊海貍 Bright, brown. (根: brown, burn, brun). Bright, brown.

1. Suffixed variant form *bhrū-no?.
   1. from Old English brūn, brown;
            brown n./a.褐色(的),棕色(的)
   2. from Middle Dutch bruun;
            bruin 布倫熊：熊的一種
   3. from Old French brun, shining, brown. a-c all from Germanic *brūnaz.
            brunet n.淺黑膚色的男人 adj.深色的
            burnet 地榆的一種
            burnish 擦亮
2. Reduplicated form *bhibhru?, *bhebhru?, "the brown animal," beaver. from Old English be(o)for, beaver, from Germanic *bebruz.
         beaver n.海貍(毛皮)
3. from Old English bera, bear, from Germanic *berō, "the brown animal," bear.
         bear n.熊v.忍受,容忍;負擔;結果實,生子女
4. perhaps from Old Norse bj?rn, bear, from Germanic *bernuz.
         berserker n.（北歐傳說中的）狂暴戰士，象狂暴斗士般行動的人

[Pokorny 5. bher? 136.]

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→3233 : 5. bher- 閃亮的；亮棕色的 shining; bright brown ;?感_56, ?感_57, ?感_63

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      brownish adj.呈褐色的
      berserk 發怒

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?? 光.024.b?er?g-:白亮白樺 To shine ; bright, white. (根: bright). To shine; bright, white. Oldest form *bherh_xgibreve;?, becoming *bherh_xg? in centum languages.

1. from Old English beorht, bright, from Germanic *berhtaz, bright.
         bright a.明亮的,輝煌的;聰明的;歡快的,美好的
2. "The white tree," the birch (also the ash).
   1. from Old English birc(e), birch, from Germanic *birkjōn?;
            birch n.樺樹,白樺
            birk 樺
   2. probably suffixed zero-grade form *bhrag-s?. from Latin fraxinus, ash tree.
            fraxinella 參見 [gas plant]

[Pokorny bher?g?? 139.]

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→3238 : bher?g?-, bhrēg?- 發光；明亮，白色 to shine; bright, white ;?感_56, ?感_57, ?感_64

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      Camembert 卡門貝干酪

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      brightly ad.明亮地,聰明地
      brightness n.光亮,明亮,聰明

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?? f力.025.b?erg?-1:買入埋藏 To hide, protect. (根: borr, barg, bur). To hide, protect. Oldest form *bherg?h?, becoming *bhergh? in centum languages.

1. 1. Germanic compound *h(w)als-berg? (see k^wel-¹);
   2. Germanic compound *skēr-berg? (see sker-¹). Both a and b from Germanic *bergan, to protect.
2. Zero-grade form *bhr?gh?.
   1. from Old English byrgan, to bury, from Germanic *burgjan;
            bury  v.埋(葬),安葬;埋藏,遮蓋
   2. from Old English byrgels, burial, from Germanic derivative *burgisli?.
            burial n.埋葬
3. 1. from Old English borgian, to borrow, from Germanic *borgēn, to pledge, lend, borrow;
            borrow vt.借，借入；(思想、文字等)采用，抄襲
   2. from Old French bargaignier, to haggle, from Germanic derivative *borganjan.
            bargain n.廉價貨;交易,契約,合同v.議價,成交

[Pokorny bherg?h? 145.]

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→3245 : bherg?h- 保存、隱藏、掩埋 to keep, hide, bury ;?商_24, ?空_27

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      borrower n.借用人,剽竊者
      borrowing n.借款
      bargaining n.議價,討價,商討,商談,交易,交涉

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?? f力.026.b?erg?-2:堡壘房力 High ; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. (根: fort, forc, burg, bourg, berg, bar, fry). High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. Oldest form *bherg?h?, becoming *bhergh? in centum languages.
Derivatives include iceberg, bourgeois, burglar, force, and fortify.

1. 1. from Old English beorg, hill;
            barrow 小推車，古墳
   2. from Middle Dutch bergh, mountain;
       iceberg n.冰山,冷若冰霜的人
   3. from Old High German berg, mountain;
      inselberg 參見 [monadnock]
   4. Germanic compound *harja-bergaz (see koro-). a-d all from Germanic *bergaz, hill, mountain.
2. from Old French berfroi, tower, from Germanic compound *berg-frij?, "high place of safety," tower (*frij?, peace, safety; see prī- ).
    belfry 鐘樓
3. Zero-grade form *bhr?gh?.
   1. from Old English burg, burh, byrig, (fortified) town;
            borough n.自治的市鎮,區
            burg  鎮
   2. from Middle Dutch burch, town;
            burgomaster 主要行政官：荷蘭、佛蘭德、奧地利或德國城鎮的等同于市長的行政官
   3. from Late Latin burgus, fortified place, and Old French burg, borough;
            bourg 市鎮
            bourgeois n.中產階級,商人,資產階級 adj.中產階級的,平庸的 n.九點活字
            burgess 伯吉斯，安東尼：(生于[ 1917]) 英國小說家和批評家，以其喜劇小說而著稱，作品包括未來派經典之作《裝有發條的桔子》 （1962年）
            burglar n.夜賊
       faubourg 郊區，近郊：新奧爾良市的一個區，位于主城的外圍參見 [beignet]
   4. from Old High German burgāri, townsman, from Germanic compound *burg-warōn?, "city protector" (*warōn?, protector; see wer- ⁴). a-d all from Germanic *burgs, hill-fort.
            burgher n.公民，市民（現主要指某些歐洲國家中產階級的市民或鎮民）
4. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *bhr?gh-to?. from Latin fortis, strong (but this is also possibly from dher- ).
         force n.力量,力;勢力;(pl.)(總稱)軍隊v.強迫
         fort  n.堡壘,要塞
         fortalice 要塞：一防御工事或位置；一堡壘
         forte 特長，強項
         fortis 強音的：發音時送氣較強或緊張狀態較大的，如英語中相對于 和 {d} 的 {P} 和 {t}
         fortissimo 非常嘹亮的，最強音的
         fortitude n.剛毅，不屈不撓，勇氣
         fortress n.壁壘，要塞vt.構筑要塞，以要塞防守
   comfort n.舒適，安逸；安慰，慰問v.安慰，使舒適
     deforce 非法占有：從合法的所有人那里強行扣留（某物）
      effort n.努力;成就;艱難的嘗試
     enforce v.實施,執行;強制;支持,堅持(要求,主張等)
         fortify vt.加強，增強，設防于vi.構筑防御工事
   panforte 潘福特
   pianoforte 鋼琴
   reinforce v.增援,加強

[Pokorny bhereg?h? 140.]

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→3239 : bhereg?h-, bherg?hos- 高，高貴；手推車，山 high, noble; barrow, mountain ;?天_22, ?空_31, ?交_36

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      brae 陡坡

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      burglarize vt.<美>闖入…盜竊 vi.破門盜竊
      burglary v.入室行竊
      burgle vt.& vi.破門盜竊
  enforceable adj.可強行的，可強迫的，可實施的
  enforcement n.強制，實施，執行
  enforcer n.實施者,強制執行者
      forced adj.被迫的,強迫的,動用武力的
      forceful adj.強有力的；有說服力的；堅強的
      forcefully adv.強有力地
      forcefulness 醫強有力，堅強
      forcible adj.強迫的,用暴力的,強有力的,有說服力的
      forcibly adv.強制地,用力,硬
      fortification n.設防；防御工事；加強；配方
comfortable a.舒適的，舒服的；感到舒適的，安逸的
comfortably ad.舒適地
comforter n.慰問者,安慰者,羊毛圍巾
comfortingly 安慰；舒適；安逸；慰藉；使舒適
comfortless adj.缺乏安慰的，不舒服的，不自由的
discomfort n.不便之處,不適
uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；不安的
uncomfortably adv.不舒適地,困難地
   effortful adj.顯示努力的，充滿努力的，需要努力的
   effortless adj.不費力的,容易的
reinforcement n.增援,加強,加固,援軍
reinforcer n.強化刺激

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?? 聲.027.b?es-2:噗呼吸 To breathe. (根: psycho, psych). To breathe. Probably imitative. Zero-grade form *bhs?.

      psyche n. 心智,靈魂,心靈,精神
      psychic adj.精神的，靈魂的，心靈的，超自然的n.靈媒，巫師
      psycho- 表示"靈魂 精神"之義
metempsychosis 靈魂轉生 from Greek psūkhē, spirit, soul, from psūkhein (< *bhs-ū-kh?), to breathe.

[Pokorny 2. bhes? 146.]

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→3248 : 2. bhes- 吹氣，呼吸 to blow, breathe ;?身_51, ?行_38

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      psychedelic adj.起幻覺的,迷幻的 n.迷幻劑
      psychology n.心理,心理學,心理狀態

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      psychical adj.有關特異功能現象的,有關特異功能官能的,靈魂的,心靈的
      psychically adv.精神上
      psychological a.心理(上)的
      psychologically ad.精神上地,心理上地
      psychologist n.心理學家

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?? 繃.028.b?eud?-:覺醒佛氣 To be aware, to make aware. (根: bid, bod, bud, bot). To be aware, to make aware.
Derivatives include bid, forbid, and Buddha.²

1. 1. from Old English bēodan, to proclaim;
            bid    v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;報價,投標n.出眾,投標
   2. from Old English forbēodan, to forbid;
        forbid v.禁止,不許
   3. from Old High German farbiotan, to forbid. a-c all from Germanic *(for)beudan (*for, before; see per ¹).
       verboten 嚴禁的
2. from Old English bodian, to announce, from boda, messenger, from Germanic *budōn?.
         bode  v.預示,為…的兆頭
3. from Old English bydel, herald, messenger, and Old High German butil, herald, both from Germanic *budilaz, herald.
         beadle 小官吏
4. from Old Norse bodh, command, from Germanic *budam.
    ombudsman n.調查官員舞弊情況的政府官員
5. from Sanskrit bodhati, he awakes, is enlightened, becomes aware, and bodhi?, perfect knowledge.
         Buddha 佛祖
         bodhisattva 菩薩：開悟的人，出于慈悲為救眾生而放棄涅槃
         bodhi tree 菩提樹
         bo tree 參見 [peepul]
6. Suffixed zero-grade form bhudh-to?. from Sanskrit buddha?, awakened, enlightened.

[Pokorny bheudh? 150.]

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→3250 : bheudh-, nasalized bhu-n-dh- 覺醒，覺醒 to awaken, be aware ;?身_63, ?想_17

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      biddable 聽話的
      bidder n.出價人,投標人
      bidding n.命令,出價,邀請
underbid v.出較低的價錢，叫價過低，叫牌過低
  forbidding adj.可怕的,令人難親近的
forebode 預感
foreboding n.預感,先兆,預兆 adj.預感的,預兆的,不祥之兆的

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?? 繃.029.b?eu?-:生長存活 To be, exist, grow. (根: physi, bound, phyl, futur, build, phyt, bor, boom, boor, bump, bust, band, beam, bear, bood, phu). Also bheu-.
To be, exist, grow. Oldest form *bheuh_x.
Derivatives include be, husband, imp, physics, future, neighbor, and beam.

1. Extended forms *bhwiy(o)?, *bhwī?.
   1. from Old English bēon, to be, from Germanic *biju, I am, will be.
            be v.(就)是，等于；(存)在；到達，來到，發生
      forebear n.祖先,祖宗
   2. from Latin fierī, to become.
            fiat n.命令,法令,許可,批準
   3. Possibly suffixed form *bhwī-lyo?, seen by some as the source of Latin fīlius, son, but this is more likely from dhē(i)-.
2. Lengthened o-grade form *bhōw?.
   1. from Old Norse būa, to live, prepare, and būask, to make oneself ready (-sk, reflexive suffix; see s(w)e- );
            bondage n.奴役,束縛
            bound v./n.跳(躍)a.被束縛的，一定的；n.界限
            bustle v.匆匆忙忙.n.喧囂
      husband n.丈夫
   2. from Old High German būan, to dwell;
            Bauhaus 包豪斯建筑派的：二十世紀建筑學派的，這種設計的美學原理特別受到應用于工業制造的技術和材料的影響，與該建筑學派有關的，或具有該建筑學派特征的
   3. from Middle English bothe, market stall, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Danish bōth, dwelling, stall. a-c from Germanic *bōwan.
            booth n.貨攤,售貨亭,棚
3. Zero-grade form *bhu?.
   1. 1. from Old English byldan, to build, from bold, dwelling, house, from Germanic *buthla?;
               build vt.建造，建筑；建設，建立vi.增大，增強
      2. from Middle Dutch bōdel, riches, property, from alternate Germanic form *bōthla.
               boodle 偽鈔：錢，尤其指偽造的錢幣
   2. from Greek phuein, to bring forth, make grow, phutos, phuton, a plant, and phusis, growth, nature.
            physic 自然，物理，自然科學，醫學，醫藥，醫術，治療
            physics n.物理(學)
            physio- 自然，物理，生理，身體，軀體
            physique n.體格，體形
           -phyte 表示“具有某一特定特征或生長地的植物”：
            phyto- 表示“植物”：
            phyton 植物結構單位：植物結構的最小單位
      apophysis {解剖學} 骨突：某一器官或部位的自然膨脹，突起或外延，如脊椎突
       diaphysis 骨干：長骨的中段
            diphyodont 雙套牙齒的：有二套持續牙齒的，一套乳齒和一套恒齒交替的
       epiphysis 骺
        euphuism 尤弗伊斯體：一種流行于16世紀末17世紀初的裝腔作勢追求高雅的文體，以頭韻、對句和明喻為特點
      hypophysis 參見 [pituitary gland]
            imp 小惡魔，小魔鬼
      Monophysite 基督一性論者：堅信基督只有一個神性的教義的篤信者?？破仗亟膛珊蛿⒗麃喕浇膛尚麚P此教義
      neophyte 新種下的:n.新信徒，新入教者，初學者
      periphyton n.固著生物，水生附著生物,周叢生物
      symphysis 聯合：原來分離的骨頭長在一起，如兩塊共生骨或下頜骨的兩塊骨頭
      tracheophyte 導（維）管植物：任何種類的維管植物，包括種子植物和蕨類植物，具有木質部和韌皮部導管系統
   3. Suffixed form *bhu-tā?.
      1. from Welsh bod, to be;
               eisteddfod 艾斯特福德節（威爾士的一種文化節）
      2. from Old Irish both, a hut.
               bothy 茅屋
   4. Suffixed form *bhu-tu?. from Latin futūrus, "that is to be," future.
            future n.將來,未來;前途,前景a.將來的,未來的
4. Zero-grade form *bhū? (< *bhu??).
   1. 1. from Old English būr, "dwelling space," bower, room;
               bower 樹蔭
      2. from Old English gebūr, dweller (ge?, collective prefix; see kom );
         neighbor n.(neighbour)鄰居
      3. from Middle Dutch gheboer, ghebuer, peasant. a-c all from Germanic *būram, dweller, especially farmer.
               Boer 布爾人（荷裔南非人）
               boor  粗魯的人
   2. from Old English b?re, stall, hut, from Germanic *būrjam, dwelling.
            byre 牛棚
   3. from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse b?r, settlement, from Germanic *būwi?.
            bylaw n.次要法規，（社、團制定的）規章制度
   4. Suffixed form *bhū-lo?. from Greek phūlon, tribe, class, race, and phūlē, tribe, clan.
            phyle 宗族：一種基于親戚關系的巨大的市民組織，它組成了古希臘城邦的最大的政治分支
            phyletic 系統發育的；線系的，種族的：一個物種或一群有機物的進化和發展的；或與之有關的；系統發育的
            phylum 門
            phylogeny n.語系發生，發展史
5. Zero-grade reduced suffixal form *-bhw?, in Latin compounds.
   1. Latin dubius, doubtful, and dubitāre, to doubt, from *du-bhw-io? (see dwo-).
   2. Latin probus, upright, from *pro-bhw-o?, "growing well or straightforward" (see per¹).
   3. Latin superbus, superior, proud, from *super-bhw-o?, "being above" (see uper).
6. Possibly Germanic *baumaz (and *bagmaz), tree (? < "growing thing").
   1. from Old English bēam, tree, beam;
            beam  n.(橫)梁,桁條;(光線的)束,柱v.微笑
   2. from Middle Dutch boom, tree;
            boom  v.迅速發展,興旺;發出隆隆聲
   3. from Flemish boom, tree.
            bumpkin 鄉巴佬
            bumpkin 鄉巴佬

[Pokorny bheu? 146.]

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→3249 : bheu-, bheu??-, bhu?ā-, bhu?ē- : bhō?u- : bhū- 生存；成長，繁榮 to be, exist; grow, prosper ;?身_81, ?空_53

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metaphysics n.玄學，形而上學
      phylogenetic 種系發生的，系統發育學的；或與此有關的

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      boundary n.分界線,邊界
      bounder n.粗魯的人，暴發戶
      boundless adj.無限的,無邊無際的
   inbound 到達的，歸航的
   rebound n.|v.回彈,反作用于
  unbounded adj.無限的,無邊際的,極大的,無節制的 adv.無限地，極大地
      bustling adj.熙熙攘攘的,忙亂的
      builder n.建筑者,施工人員,營造商,增潔劑
      building n.建筑(物)，房屋，大樓[同]structure
   rebuild v.重建,改造
      physical a.物質的;肉體的,身體的;自然科學的,物理的
      physicality 肉體性
      physically ad.身體上地,實際上,按照自然規律地
      physicist n.物理學家
      impish 頑皮的
      futurism 未來主義
      futurist n.未來主義者，未來派藝術家
      futuristic adj.未來派的
      futurity n.未來,未來的事
neighborhood n.(neighbourhood)鄰居;四鄰,街道
neighborly adj.友善的，睦鄰的，友好的
      boorish adj.粗野的,粗魯的,笨拙的,鄉巴佬的
      boomer n.生育高峰中出生的人
metaphysical adj玄學的，形而上學的，超自然的
metaphysically 形而上學的；抽象的
      phylogenetically 動植物種類史的；系統發生的；動植物演化史的

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?? 繃.030.b?eug-3:彎躬苯環 To bend ;; bent, pliable, or curved objects. (根: bow, bog, bag, bux). To bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects.
Derivatives include bagel, buxom, and bog.

1. Variant form *bheugh? in Germanic *beug?.
   1. 1. from Old English bēag, a ring;
               bee n.蜂，蜜蜂；忙碌的人
      2. from Old High German boug, a ring. Both a and b from Germanic *baugaz.
               bagel n.百吉餅(先蒸后烤的發面圈)
   2. 1. from Old English boga, a bow, arch;
               bow    v./n.鞠躬,點頭n.弓(形);蝴蝶結
               akimbo 叉腰的
      2. Germanic compound *elino-bugōn? (see el-);
      3. from a source akin to Middle Low German boog, bow of a boat;
      4. from Middle Low German bōch, bow of a boat. a-d all from Germanic *bugōn?.
               bowline n.帆腳索
               bowsprit 船頭斜桁
   3. from Old English būgan, to bend, from Germanic būgan.
            buxom 豐滿的
   4. from Middle English beil, a handle, perhaps from Old English *bēgel or from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Swedish *b?ghil, both from Germanic *baugil?.
            bail n.保釋,保證金,保證人 v.保釋,舀水
   5. from Old English byht, a bend, angle, from Germanic *buhtiz.
            bight 海灣
2. from Scottish and Irish Gaelic bog, soft, from Celtic *buggo?, "flexible.".
         bog    n.沼澤

[Pokorny 3. bheug? 152.]

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→3187 : bhāg?hú-s 肘，前臂 elbow, forearm
→3253 : 3. bheug-, bheugh- 彎腰，彎曲，彎曲 to bow, flex, bend, crook ;?身_31, ?身_32 ;?工_14

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      bough n.大樹枝,主枝
rainbow n.虹

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      bowed adj.彎如弓的，有弓的
      bower 樹蔭
      bowing n.運弓法,弓緯,凸肚形,卷邊
  unbowed adj.不屈服的
      boggy adj.沼澤多的

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?? 流.031.b?lē-2:吹氣膨脹 To blow. (根: flat, blast, blow, flav, fl, blad, blas). To blow. Contracted from *bhleh₁?, or possibly lengthened grade *bhlēh₂? from alternative root *bhleh₂?. Possibly identical to bhel-³ II*bhlē? above.
Derivatives include blaze³, flatus, and flavor.

1. from Old English blāwan, to blow, from Germanic suffixed form *blē-w?.
         blow  vi.吹，吹氣，打氣；吹奏；爆炸；n.打,打擊
2. 1. from Old English bl?dre, blister, bladder;
            bladder n.膀胱,氣泡
   2. from Old Norse bladhra (noun), bladder, and bladhra (verb), to prattle. Both a and b from Germanic suffixed form *blēdram, "something blown up.".
            blather 喋喋不休的說
3. 1. from Old English bl?st, a blowing, blast;
            blast n.一陣(風);爆炸沖擊波;管樂器聲v.爆炸
   2. from Middle Dutch blas(e), a bladder;
            isinglass n.魚膠，明膠（用作膠粘劑和印刷油墨），云母,鰾膠,白明膠
   3. from Middle Dutch blāsen, to blow up, swell. a-c all from Germanic extended form *blēs?.
            blassé 厭倦的：因為司空見慣而厭倦的或玩膩的
            blaze n.火焰.vi.照耀,激發,燃燒
4. Zero-grade form *bhl??? (> *bhlā?) from Latin flāre, to blow.
         flabellum 扇形器官：扇形的解剖結構
         flageolet 六孔豎笛：一種有圓柱形吹口、四個指孔和兩個拇指孔的小的長笛狀樂器
         flatulent 浮夸的
         flatus 腸胃脹氣；屁；氣息；陣風
         flavor n.(flavour)情味;風味;滋味v.給…調味
      afflatus 靈感，神感：強烈的創造欲；神明啟示
   conflate 合并
     deflate vt.放氣；使縮??；緊縮通貨；打擊；使泄氣vi.縮??；物價下降
      inflate 往里吹:vt.使充氣；使通貨膨脹vi.膨脹；充氣
   insufflate 吹進或吸入
   souffllé 蛋奶酥：一種松軟蓬松的烤制點心，用蛋黃以及打稠的蛋白再加上其他各種不同的配料制成，用作一道主菜或者加甜之后用作甜點心

[In Pokorny 3. bhel? 120.]

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      blower n.吹制工,送風機
overblown adj.停息的,盛開過的
      blasted adj.枯萎的,被害的,被詛咒的
      blaster n.爆破工，放炮工
      flatulence n.<醫>胃腸氣脹,浮夸，自負
      flavorful adj.充滿…味道的，可口的
      flavorless adj.<美>無味的，無滋味的
  deflation n.通貨緊縮,風蝕,降階
  deflationary adj.放出空氣的，通貨緊縮的，物價低廉（尤指成本不降低時的反常情形）的
  deflator 緊縮指數，消除通貨膨脹指數，減縮指數
disinflation n.<經>制止通貨膨脹，通貨緊縮（政策）
   inflatable adj.通貨膨脹,膨脹的
   inflated adj.膨脹的,夸張的,通貨膨脹的
   inflation n.通貨膨脹
   inflationary adj.通貨膨脹的,通貨膨脹傾向的

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?? 流.032.b?leu-:鼓脹溢流 To swell, well up, overflow. (根: flu, fluor, flux, fluct, fluvi, bloat, blu, flush, mell). To swell, well up, overflow. Extension of bhel-².

1. Possibly Germanic *blaut?. from Old Norse blautr, soft, wet.
         bloat 浮腫
2. Extended form *bhleug^w?. from Latin fluere, to flow, and -fluus, flowing.
         fluctuate v.(使)波動;(使)起伏
         fluent a.流利的,流暢的
         fluid a.流動的,液體的n.流體,液體
         flume 水滑道，引水渠
         fluor 流體，氟石
         fluoro- 氟：
         flush v.沖洗,(臉)發紅
         fluvial 河流的
         flux  n.漲潮,變遷,[物]流量,通量 vi.熔化,流出 vt.使熔融,用焊劑處理
      affluent adj.富裕的，豐富的，流暢的n.支流，富人。美國經濟學家約翰?加爾布雷斯(JohnGalbraith)在其著作《富裕社會
   confluent adj.匯合的
      effluent adj.流出的n.污水，廢氣，流出物
      effluvium n.臭氣,惡臭,放出,無聲放電
      efflux n.流出物，流出，（時間的）消逝,流逝
         fluoride 氟化物
         fluviomarine 河海堆積的：關于或作為在河流和海洋共同作用下形成的沉積物的，尤指在河口處
      influence n.(on)影響,感化;勢力,權勢v.影響,感化
      influenza n.<醫>流行性感冒,獸醫家畜流行性感冒,流感
      influx n.流入，匯集
         mellifluous 甜美流暢的
      reflux n.逆流，退潮
   solifluction 土石流作用，融凍泥流作用：通常底部為凍土的區域的土壤或其它材料的緩慢、順坡而下的運動
   superfluous adj.多余的，奢侈的，不必要的
3. Zero-grade form *bhlu?. from Greek phlūein, phlūzein, to boil over.
         phlyctena 小水皰：小水皰或水泡，尤指中度燒傷造成的眾多水皰中的一個
4. Possibly Greek phloos, phloios, tree bark (< "swelling with growth")
         phloem 韌皮部（由篩管將葉制造的糖分輸送到各部位的植物組織）

[Pokorny bhleu? 158.]

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→3268 : bhleu- 膨脹膨脹、膨脹、膨脹；流動 to bloat, swell, blow up; flow ;?行_32, ?行_38, ?空_53

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      bluster 威嚇
      fluorine 氟
      fluorite n.螢石，氟石
      phallus 陰莖

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      bloated adj.浮腫的,發脹的,傲慢的
      fluctuation n.起伏，波動
      fluency n.流暢，流利
      fluidity n.流動性；流質；易變性
   affluence n.富裕；豐富；流入；匯聚
confluence n.匯合、匯流點；聚集
      fluoridation n.加氟作用，氟化反應
   influential a.有影響的;有權勢的
superfluity n.過多, 過剩,多余物, 過剩品
      blustery adj.大風的，吵鬧的

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?? 光.033.b?oso-:光禿空白 Naked. (根: bar, bers). Naked.

1. from Old English b?r, bare;
         bare  a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,僅有的v.露出,暴露
2. from Old Swedish and Old Danish bar, bare;
         ballast n.壓艙物,沙囊
3. perhaps from Old Norse berr, bare. a-c all from Germanic *bazaz.
         berserker n.（北歐傳說中的）狂暴戰士，象狂暴斗士般行動的人

[Pokorny bhoso-s 163.]

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→3284 : bhoso-s 光禿禿的 bare, naked ;?穿_11, ?穿_12

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      barefoot adj.赤腳的
      barely ad.赤裸裸地,無遮蔽地;僅僅,勉強,幾乎沒有

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      bareness n.赤裸，裸露

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?? 光.034.b?rāter-:兄弟手足 Brother, male agnate. (根: frater, bro, phratr, fratr, bull, bre, fri, pal). Brother, male agnate.

1. 1. from Old English brōthor, brother;
            brother n.兄弟;同胞;教友
   2. from Middle Dutch broeder, brother. Both a and b from Germanic *brōthar?.
            bully n.欺凌弱小者 vt.威嚇,威逼
2. from Latin frāter, brother.
         Fra 兄弟：對意大利和尚或托缽僧的稱呼；兄弟
         fraternal adj.兄弟般的；友好的
         fraternity n.友愛；兄弟會；互助會；大學生聯誼會
         fraternize vi.結交，交友，（尤指）親敵
         friar n.男修道士,行乞修道士
         confrere n.會友，同行，同事
         fratricide 殺兄弟罪
3. from Greek phrātēr, fellow member of a clan.
         phratry 胞族：在希臘部落或宗族的原始結構中，構成中間分類的親屬集團，包括幾個父親家族，在古典時期又存留下來，成為雅典城邦的政治合軍事組織的領地亞分支
4. from Sanskrit bhrātā, bhrātar?, brother.
         pal    n.[口]好朋友,伙伴,同志; vi.結為朋友;Phase Alternating Line,PAL制式(逐行倒相制式)

[Pokorny bhrāter? 163.]

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→3288 : bhrā?ter- 兄弟，家人 brother, family member ;?人_44, ?人_81

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      boy n.男孩子，兒子；男性服務員
      brethren 同仁

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      brotherhood n.手足情誼,兄弟關系
      brotherly adj.兄弟的,兄弟般的,兄弟姐妹般的,情同手足的 adv.兄弟般地，友愛地，親切地
      fraternization n.結有深交，友善

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?? 熱.035.b?reg-:掰斷漲破 To break. (根: frac, frag, break, frang, fring, brash, brok, bre, breach, frain, brak, fray). To break.
Derivatives include breach, fraction, frail¹, infringe, and suffrage.

1. 1. from Old English brecan, to break;
            break vt.打破；中止；違反vi.破(裂)n.休息時間
   2. from Old English brēc, a breaking;
            breach n.破壞,裂口.vt.打破,突破
   3. from Italian breccia, breccia, rubble, breach in a wall, from Old High German *brehha, from brehhan, to break;
            brash adj.倉促的,無禮的,性急的,傲慢的 n.胃灼熱,驟雨,碎片
            breccia n.角礫巖，角蠻巖
   4. from Old French breier, to break;
            bray 驢子嘶叫
   5. from Old French brier, dialectal variant of broyer, to knead. a-e all from Germanic *brekan.
            brioche 黃油雞蛋圓面包
2. 1. from Middle English brake(n), bracken, probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse *brakni, undergrowth;
            bracken 歐洲蕨
            brake v./n.制動(器),閘,剎車
   2. from Middle Low German brake, thicket. Both a and b from Germanic *brak?, bushes (< "that which impedes motion").
3. from Middle Low German brake, flax brake, from Germanic *brāk?, crushing instruments.
4. Nasalized zero-grade form *bhr?-n-g?. from Latin frangere, to break.
         fractal 分形，不規則碎片形
         fracted 破碎的
         fraction n.碎片,小部分,一點兒;分數
         fractious 暴躁的，易怒的
         fracture n.破裂，斷裂；骨折vi.破裂；折斷vt.使破裂
         fragile adj.脆的；易碎的
         fragment n.碎片,小部分,片斷
         frail adj.脆弱的，虛弱的
         frangible 易碎的：能被打碎的；易破碎的參見 [fragile]
     anfractuous 彎彎曲曲的；迂回的：充滿彎曲和拐彎的；曲折的
         chamfer 斜切面
     defray 支付
     diffraction n.衍射，寬龜裂狀的
      infract 違反；破壞
      infrangible 不可分裂的：很難或不可能破裂或分裂成小部分的
      infringe breakin:vt.侵犯；違反；破壞vi.侵犯；侵害
   irrefrangible 不容破壞的：不能破壞的；不可摧毀的：
   ossifrage 參見 [lammergeier]
      refract 折射
      refrain n.重復,疊句,[樂]副歌 vi.節制,避免,制止
      refringent 折射的：有關或產生折射的；折射的
         sassafras n.檫木（產于北美東部的一種樟科植物），此樹的干燥根皮,檫樹
   saxifrage n.虎耳草屬植物
5. 1. from Latin suffrāgium, the right to vote, from suffrāgārī, to vote for (? < "to use a broken piece of tile as a ballot");
       suffragan 副主教
       suffrage 在下面用碎瓦片或叫喊聲投票n.選舉權；投票；參政權；代禱；贊成票
   2. from Latin refrāgārī, to vote against.
      irrefragable 無可辯駁的：不能反駁或爭辯的；不容置疑的：

[Pokorny 1. bhreg?? 165 (butg? not on good evidence).]

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→3290 : 1. bhreg?- 打破 to break ;?工_26

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      breech n.臀部,后膛.vt.給…穿上褲子
septifragal 室間開裂的：通過裂片與它的其它部分脫離的開裂。用于果皮

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      breakable adj.易碎的 n.易碎的東西，易破的東西
      breakage n.破壞，破損，破損量
      breaker n.斷路器
      broke adj.一文不名的 vbl.break的過去式
  unbroken a.不間斷的,（記錄）未打破的
      brashness n.自以為是，莽撞無禮
      fractional adj.數分數的，小數的,微小的，極小的,部分的，少量的,零碎的
      fractionally adv.部分地，略微地
      fractionation n.分別，分餾法
      fragility n.脆弱；易碎性；虛弱
      fragmentary adj.碎片的；不完全的；斷斷續續的
      fragmentation n.破碎；分裂；存儲殘片
      fragmented adj.成碎片的，片斷的
   infraction n.違反，違背
   infringement n.侵犯；違反
   refraction n.折射（程度）,折射角
   refractive 折射的
 suffragette 爭取婦女獲取投票權運動的人
 suffragist 參政權擴大論者，婦女政權論者

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?? 熱.036.b?reu?-:發熱冒泡 To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn ; cooking and brewing. (根: ferv, breed, broil, brew, breez, braz, brawn, fer, brais, bread, brood, broth). Also bhreu??, bhre?u-.
To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. Oldest form *bhreuh₁?.
Derivatives include brew, bread, broth, brood, breed, ferment, and fervent.

1. 1. from Old English brēowan, to brew, from Germanic *breuwan, to brew.
            brew  v.釀造,醞釀
   2. from Old English brēad, piece of food, bread, from Germanic *braudam, (cooked) food, (leavened) bread.
            bread n.面包
   3. 1. from Old English broth, broth;
               broth n.肉湯
      2. from Vulgar Latin *brodum, broth. Both a and b from Germanic *brudam, broth.
               broil v.烤(肉),酷熱
          embroil vt.使卷入,牽連,使糾纏
               imbroglio 亂局
2. Variant form *bhrē? (from *bhre??).
   1. 1. from Old English brōd, offspring, brood;
               brood vi.沉思,孵蛋.n.一窩
      2. from Old English brēdan, to beget or cherish offspring, breed, from Germanic denominative *brōdjan, to rear young. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brōd-ō, "a warming," hatching, rearing of young.
               breed v.(使)繁殖,生殖;產生;教養,撫養n.品種
   2. 1. from Old High German brāt, brāto, roast meat;
               bratwurst n.（供煎食的）德國式小香腸
               sauerbraten 糖醋烤牛肉：一種將牛肉用醋、水、酒及香料腌制后再進行烹飪制成的鍋烤牛肉
      2. from Old French braon, meat. Both a and b from Germanic derivative *brēd-ōn?, roast flesh. Both 1 and 2 from Germanic *brēdan, to warm.
               brawn 體力
3. Variant form *bhres?.
   1. from Old French brese, burning coal, ember;
            braise 燉
            braze vt.銅焊，用黃銅鍍或制造
            brazier 金屬火盆
            breeze n.微風；輕而易舉的事vi.來去匆匆，急速走
            bresaola 牛肉干：食用前涂上橄欖油、檸檬汁、黑胡椒的已用鹽腌好、晾干了的牛肉片
   2. from Italian dialectal bra?a, burning coal
            braciola 肉卷：細肉條，常用于裹填料和與酒一起烹調
   3. from Old Spanish brasa, burning coals. a-c all from Germanic *bres?.
            brazilwood 巴西蘇木：某些豆科熱帶樹木或灌木的紅色木頭，尤指云實屬 巴西木，其木頭用于做小提琴弓或一種紅色或紫色染料的原料
4. Reduced form *bher?, especially in derivatives referring to fermentation.
   1. 1. Suffixed form *bher-men?, yeast. from Old English beorma, yeast, from Germanic *bermōn?;
               barm 酵母：麥芽酒發酵時，浮在其表面的發酵的泡沫
               barmy 發瘋的
      2. further suffixed form *bhermen-to?. from Latin fermentum, yeast.
               ferment n.發酵；酵素；動亂vi.發酵；動亂vt.使發酵；醞釀；使動亂
   2. Extended form *bherw?. from Latin fervēre, to be boiling or fermenting.
            fervent adj.熱心的；強烈的；熾熱的；熱烈的
            fervid 異常強烈的
            fervor n.熱情；熱烈；熱心；熾熱。等于fervour
        defervescence 退熱，退燒
         effervesce 興奮；沸騰；起泡沫
5. As a very archaic word for a spring.
   1. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhru-n(e)n?. from Old English burn, burna, spring, stream, from Germanic *brunnōn?.
            bourn 小河；小溪
            burn v.燃燒，燒著；燒毀；灼傷n.燒傷，灼傷
   2. Suffixed form *bhrēw-r?. from Greek phrear, spring.
            phreatic 地下水的，與地下水有關的

[Pokorny bh(e)reu? 143, 2.bher? 132.]

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→3230 : 2. bher- 沸騰，膨脹，膨脹 to boil, swell, well up
→3244 : bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū?- 沖泡，煮沸，狂野 to brew, boil, surge, be wild ;?行_31, ?空_53 ;?天_35, ?行_31, ?情_43

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      breath n.呼吸,氣息
      breathe v.呼吸,吸入
      blaff 燴魚湯：一種西印度的燉制食品，含有魚或偶爾有豬肉、調味品，如酸橙和大蒜，并常有水果和蔬菜
      bourne
      brand n.商標,標記,牌子v.使銘記;打火印,打烙印
      brandade n.奶油烙（鱈）魚，魚羹
      brandish vt.揮舞 n.揮舞
      brandy n.白蘭地酒,(夾心)糖果
      brandywine 布蘭迪維因：美國賓夕法尼亞東南部的一條小溪，位于特拉華北部。1777年9月11日殖民地軍隊大敗于此，這使英軍于9月27日得以進入費城
      brewis 泡湯面包：浸泡在液體，通常是牛奶中作為布丁食用或用作肉的配菜的面包
      brimstone 硫磺
      brindled adj.棕底花條紋的
      fornicate 通奸
      fornicate 通奸
      fornix 拱頂，拱廊

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      brewer n.啤酒制造者
      brewery n.釀酒廠
      broiler n.爭吵者,酷熱的日子
      broiling adj.酷熱的，熾熱的，似燒的
      breeder n.(動物)飼者,種畜
      breeding n.飼養,教養
interbreed 雜交繁殖
      brawny adj.<非正>健壯的,肌肉發達的,嚴重腫脹的,頑強的
      breezily adv.微風地，活潑輕松地
      breezy adj.有微風的,通風好的,活潑的,輕松愉快的
      fermentation n.發酵,激動，紛擾
   effervescence n.冒泡，泡騰，活潑
   effervescent 熱情的

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?? 熱.037.b?rū-:眉鼻冒凸 Eyebrow. (根: bridg, brow). Eyebrow. Oldest form *bhruh_x?, becoming *bhrū.

1. from Old English brū?, eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, from Germanic *brūs.
         brow  n.眉(毛);額
2. Possibly in the sense of a beam of wood, and perhaps a log bridge. from Old English brycg(e), bridge, from Germanic *brugjō (with cognates in Celtic and Slavic).
         bridge n.橋；橋牌；鼻梁vt.架橋；渡過

[Pokorny 1. bhrū? 172, 2.bhrū? 173.]

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→3307 : 1. bhrū- 眉毛，眉毛 brow, eyebrow
→3308 : 2. bhrū-, bhrēu- 梁、橋 beam, bridge ;?身_206 ;?工_51, ?行_74

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      front a.前面的,前部的n.正面;前線,戰線v.面對

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?? 水.038.pā-:爸咩保養 To protect, feed. (根: pan, past, feed, fur, forag, food, fost, fod, for). To protect, feed. Oldest form *peh₂?, colored to *pah₂?, becoming *pā?.
Derivatives include fodder, forage, fur, food, foster, pasture, pantry, and company.

1. Suffixed form *pā-trom.
   1. from Old English fōdor, fodder;
            fodder n.飼料,草料,素材
   2. from Old French feurre, fodder;
            forage n.草料,
            foray v.|n.突襲,偷襲
            fourragère 肩綬帶，功績肩帶：一裝飾性的肩帶，通常懸于制服的左肩，有時也授予一整列軍隊
   3. from Old French forre, fuerre, trimming made from animal skin, fur (< "sheath, case, lining"). a-c all from Germanic *fōdram.
            fur    n.毛,毛皮
            furrier 毛皮商
2. Suffixed form *pā-dhlom (doublet of *pā-trom) from Latin pābulum, food, fodder.
         pabulum n.精神食糧,食物,燃料,平淡而無味的文章（或想法）
3. Extended form *pāt?.
   1. from Old English fōda, food, from Germanic *fōd?, food;
            food  n.食物，糧食，養料
   2. from Old English fēdan, to feed, from Germanic denominative *fōdjan, to give food to;
            feed  v.(on,with)喂養,飼養;(with)向…供給
   3. suffixed form *pāt-tro?. from Old English fōstor, food, nourishment, from Germanic *fōstra?.
            foster vt.收養,培養,促進
4. Extended form *pās?.
   1. Suffixed form *pās-sko?. from Latin pāscere, to feed;
            pasture n.草地；牧場；牧草vt.放牧；吃草
      antipasto 開胃菜
         repast 餐，飯菜
   2. suffixed form *pās-tor?. from Latin pāstor, shepherd;
            pastern 骹關節
            pastor 放牧的人:n.牧人，牧師vt.做……的牧師
            pester vt.使煩惱,糾纏
   3. suffixed form *pās-t-ni?. from Latin pānis, bread.
            panada 面糊：將碎面包、烤面包或面粉放在牛奶、肉湯或水里煮成的面糊，用于作湯、肉餡或果醬
            panatela 細長雪茄煙
            panic grass 黍，稷：許多黍屬 的喬木科作物中的一種，因其產谷和用作飼料而種植
            pannier 掛籃
            panocha 墨西哥粗糖
            pantry n.食品室，餐具室
            pastille 錠劑
            penuche 奶油軟糖：常用紅糖、奶油或牛奶、碎的堅果仁做成的軟脂狀蜜糖
        appanage 封地，封祿：稅賦的一種來源，如君主賜給皇族成員的領地
      companion n.同伴,共事者;伴侶
      company n.公司;陪伴;賓客;連(隊),(一)群,隊,伙
      panforte 潘福特
            panko 日式面包粉
5. Suffixed form *pā-tor?. from Persian pād, protecting against, from Iranian *pātar? (Avestan pātar?).
         bezoar 毛糞石：在動物，尤指反芻動物和人的腸胃中發現的一種難消化的硬塊，如頭發、蔬菜纖維或果實。以前認為它可用來解毒并具有魔力
6. Suffixed form *pā-won?, protector. from Old Persian khshathra-pāvā, protector of the province.
         satrap n.太守,總督,有最后決定權的人,主管人

[Pokorny pā? 787, 1. pō(i)? 839.]

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→4445 : pā- : p?-, and pā-t- : p?-t- 喂養、放牧、放牧 to feed, graze, pasture
→4544 : 1. pō(i)- : p?i-? : pī- 放牧、放牧 to graze, pasture ;?動_16 ;?動_16

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breastfeed vt.& vi.用母乳喂養，哺乳

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      forager n.強征（糧食）者,搶劫者
      furry adj.毛皮的,蓋著毛皮的,有鍋垢的,有舌苔的
      fed 一種顯示技術
      feeder n.飼養員
      feeding n.給食,喂,飼養,吃,輸送 adj.給食的,飼用的,逐漸強烈的,供給飼料的,攝取食物的
overfeed 喂食過度
      pasturage 牧場
      past  a.過去的ad.過n.過去，昔日prep.(經)過
      pastoral adj.牧師的；牧人的；田園生活的；鄉村的n.牧歌；田園詩；田園景色
companionable adj.友善的，表示友好的
companionably adv.和善地
companionship n.友誼,交誼,陪伴

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?? 水.039.pa?wr?:保養火熱 Fire. (根: pyr, fir, fier). Fire. Oldest form *peh₂wr?, colored to *pah₂wr?, with zero-grade *ph₂ur? metathesized to *puh₂r?. Zero-grade form *pūr? (from *puh₂r?).

1. from Old English f?r, fire, from Germanic suffixed form *fūr-i?.
         fire  n.火；火災，失火；爐火vi.開火vt.放(槍)
2. from Greek pūr, fire.
         pyre  （火葬或祭祀用的）柴堆
         pyretic 發熱的，熱病的
         pyrites 硫化鐵礦
         pyro- 火
         pyrosis 參見 [heartburn]
         pyrrhotite 磁黃鐵礦：一種褐黃色硫鐵礦，Fes,特征是有微量的磁性，用于鐵礦或在硫酸的制造中也作 [magnetic pyrites]
     ekpyrotic 火理論,火熱的
    empyreal 最高天的；九天的；崇高的

[Pokorny peu?ōr 828.]

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→4519 : peu?ōr, pū?r, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu?éni 火 fire ;?天_81

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      pyrite 硫化礦物

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      fiery adj.火的,火焰的,熾熱的,熱烈的,暴躁的,[眼]炯炯有神的
      firing n.開火,生火.v.開火,燒制
misfire 不奏效
      pyrite 硫化礦物

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?? 緊.040.pag-:捆緊脹平 To fasten. (根: pag, pay, pact, vel, peac, pac, pal, peas, peel, ping, pect, vail, pax, pol). Also pak-.
To fasten. Oldest forms *pag??, *pak??, becoming *pag?, *pak? in centum languages.
Derivatives include fang, peace, pact, palisade, and travel.

1. Lengthened-grade form *pāk?. from Old English fēgan, to fit closely, from Germanic *fōgjan, to join, fit.
         fay 緊密連接，緊密配合
2. Nasalized form *pa-n-g?, also *pa-n-k?.
   1. 1. from Old English fang, feng, plunder, booty, from Germanic *fangam, *fangiz;
               fang n.(犬,狼等的)尖牙,犬牙,(毒蛇的)毒牙,牙根,尖端 vt.灌水引動(水泵)
      2. from Dutch vangen, to catch, from remade Germanic verb *fangan;
               vang 科桁支索：從桅上斜桿或搖臂吊桿的頂端拉到甲板上的牽索
      3. from Middle English *-fangel, taken, akin to Old High German -fangolon, to close, from Germanic *fanglōn, to grasp. (i)-(iii) all derivatives of Germanic *fanhan, to seize.
               newfangled 新奇時髦的
   2. from Latin pangere, to fasten.
      compact a.緊密的,結實的;簡明的v.使緊湊,壓縮
        impact n.沖擊,碰撞;影響v.影響;擠入,壓緊
        impinge 推壓進去:vi.撞擊；侵犯vt.撞擊
            spinto 抒情兼戲劇性的：歌劇嗓音抒情兼具一些戲劇性特點的，與這種嗓音有關的，是這種嗓音的：
3. Root form *pā?k?.
   1. from Latin pāx, peace (< "a binding together by treaty or agreement");
            pace  n.步,步伐,步調,速度v.踱步,用步測
            pax    {基督教會}
            pay    v.付款,付出代價,給予注意n.工資,薪金
            peace n.和平;平靜,安寧
        appease vt.安撫，使平息，對……讓步
            pacific 太平洋；太平洋的；和平的；和解的；溫和的
            pacify vt.安撫，使平息
   2. from Latin pacīscī, to agree.
            pact  n.協定；公約；條約；契約
            patio n.天井,院子
4. Suffixed form *pak-slo?.
   1. from Latin pālus, stake (fixed in the ground);
            pale  a.蒼白的,灰白的;淺的,暗淡的
            palisade 木柵欄
            pawl 掣爪，棘爪：一種樞軸或轉軸器械，能與齒輪缺口或齒間吻合來前進或防止后移
            peel  v.剝，剝皮，剝落n.皮
            pole  n.柱,桿;地極,磁極,電極
        impale 刺穿
        travail n.辛苦
        travel n.旅行v.旅行;行進,傳播
   2. probably Latin pāla, spade
            palette n.調色板,顏料
5. Lengthened-grade form *pāg?.
   1. from Latin pāgus, "boundary staked out on the ground," district, village, country;
            pagan n.異教徒 adj.異教的
            peasant n.(不用于英國或美國)小農;佃農;農民
   2. from Latin pāgina, "trellis to which a row of vines is fixed," hence (by metaphor) column of writing, page;
            page  n.頁,記錄,事件,專欄vt.給...標頁碼
            pageant n.盛會,慶典,游行,虛飾,露天表演
   3. from Latin prōpāgāre, to propagate (< "to fix before"; prō?, before, in front; see per ¹);
       propagate 嫁接嫩芽、接穗:vt.傳播；傳送；繁殖；宣傳vi.繁殖；增殖
   4. from Greek pēgnunai, to fasten, coagulate, with derivative pagos (< *pag-o?), mass, hill.
            pectin 果膠
            pegmatite 花崗偉晶巖：一種有時富含鈾、鎢和鉭等稀有元素的粗紋理花崗巖
      Areopagus 最高法院：古雅典的最高審判及立法委員會
            mastopexy 乳房整型手術：將胸部隆起或改造的整型外科手術

[Pokorny pā?k?? 787.]

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→4446 : pā?k?-, and pā?g?- 修復，加強 to repair, strengthen ;?工_11

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compaction n.壓緊，緊束的狀態,壓實
compactly adv.細密地，簡潔地
compactness n.緊密,堅實,緊湊,小巧
  impacted adj.壓緊的，結實的,沖擊式
  impaction n.裝緊，壓緊,嵌塞,嵌入
  impingement n.侵犯，沖擊,反跳
      payable adj.可付的,應付的
      payee n.收款人
      payer n.支付者,付款人
      payment n.支付,付款額
 prepay vt.預付，先付,預付（郵資等）
 prepayment 預先支付
   repay  v.償還,報答,還錢給
   repayment n.償還的款項,報答,報復
underpay vt.付給（雇員等）報酬過低
      peaceable 和平的，平靜的
      peaceably adv.息事寧人地,和平地，溫和地
      peaceful a.和平的,平靜的,安寧的,愛好和平的
      peacefully ad.平靜地,和平地
  appeasement n.平息,緩和,姑息,綏靖政策
      pacification n.平定,綏靖,和解,講和
      pacifier 嬰兒奶嘴
      peeler 削皮器
  traveled adj.富有旅行經驗的,旅客多的,旅客使用的,旅客常到的
  traveler n.旅行支票,旅行信用卡,（常）出遠門的人,巡回推銷員
  traveling adj.同行的,活動的,移動的 n.<籃球>帶球走步，走步違例
  traveller n. 旅行者
  travelling adj.旅行的,巡回的,旅行用的 n.旅行
      paganism n.信奉異教，不信教,異教徒的信仰和實踐
      pager n.呼機,尋呼機
      pagination 頁碼
      paging n.內存分頁，頁面調度,頁式,調頁
 propagation n.傳播；繁殖；增殖
 propagator 植物的繁殖盒

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?? 瓶.041.pāl-:手平摸拍 To touch, feel, shake. Earlier *peh?l-, (根: palp, feel, pap, pult). To touch, feel, shake. Earlier *peh₂l?, colored to *pah₂l?, becoming *pāl?.

1. 1. from Old English fēlan, to examine by touch, feel;
            feel  v.觸；認為vi.摸上去有…感覺；摸索；覺得
   2. from Old High German vuolen, to feel. Both a and b from Germanic *fōljan, to feel.
            sprachgefühl 語感：對語言的感覺；能聽出合于某一語言正確或恰當的能力
2. Reduplicated zero-grade form *pal-p? (from *p?l-p(?)?.
   1. from Latin palpus, a touching;
            palp  n.觸須,觸器
   2. from Latin palpārī, palpāre, to stroke gently, touch;
            palpable adj.明顯的；可感知的；易覺察的
            palpate 觸摸，觸診
            palpitate 急速跳動，悸動
   3. from Latin palpebra, eyelid (< "that which shakes or moves quickly").
            palpebra 眼瞼
3. Perhaps expressive reduplicated form *pal-pal?. from Latin pāpiliō, butterfly.
         papilionaceous 有蝶形花冠的，蝶形的：有蝴蝶似的左右對稱花冠的，是大部分豆科植物所具有的特點
         papillon 彩蝶，蝴蝶，蝴蝶犬
         papillote 皺紙包：一種用于裝飾烹調好的薄肉或肉片骨端的裝飾用紙
         pavilion n.大帳蓬,亭,閣 vt.搭帳蓬,籠罩
4. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *pal-yo?. from Greek pallein, to sway, brandish.
   catapult v.彈射，猛投n.彈射器，投石車，石弩，彈弓
5. Perhaps suffixed form *psal-yo?. from Greek psallein, to pluck, play the harp (but more likely of imitative origin).
         psalm 贊美詩，贊美歌
         psaltery 古代弦樂器

[Pokorny 1. G. pel? 801, polo? 841.]

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→4546 : polo- : pōlo- 大，胖，厚，腫 big, fat, thick, swollen ;?空_55, ?空_63

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      feeler n.（昆蟲的）觸須，對他人觀點或反應的試探
      feeling n.感情;心情;知覺;同情
  unfeeling adj.失去感覺的,無感覺的,無情的,無同情心的
  impalpable 觸摸不到的
      palpably adv.可觸之地,易覺察地
      palpation 觸診，捫診
      palpitation 心悸
      psalmist n.贊美詩作者，詩篇作者

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?? 緊.042.pan-:織布平板 Fabric. (根: pan, van). Fabric.

1. 1. from Old English fana, flag, banner, weathercock;
            vane  葉片，風向標
   2. Germanic compound *gund-fanōn? (see g^when-). Both a and b from Germanic *fanōn.
2. Extended form *panno?. from Latin pannus, piece of cloth, rag.
         pane  n.窗格玻璃,長方塊
         panel n.面,板;控制板,儀表盤;專門小組
         panna cotta 奶酪,潘納·科塔

[Pokorny pā?n? 788.]

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→4447 : pā?n- 窗格、面板、機織物 pane, panel, woven fabric ;?穿_21

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      paneling n.（總稱）嵌板,鑲板,嵌板板材,嵌板細工
      panelist n.小組辯論，猜謎參加者

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?? 緊.043.pant-:寬泛全部 All. Attested only in Tocharian and 希臘語. (根: pant, ). All. Attested only in Tocharian and Greek.

      pan- 全，泛，親
      diapason 和諧：一種飽滿、奔放的和音的流露
      pancratium 拳擊摔交比賽：古希臘的角斗運動，包括拳擊和摔交
      pancreas n.[解]胰腺 from Greek pās (neuter pan, stem pant?), all.

[In Pokorny 1. k?eu? 592.]

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?? 水.044.papa:爸爸保養 A child's word for father (根: pap, pop). A child's word for "father," a linguistic near-universal found in many languages.

1. from French papa, father.
         papa  n.爸爸
2. from Greek pappās, father, and pappos, grandfather.
         pappus 冠毛：在例如蒲公英和薊等菊科植物中的一種由鱗葉、刺毛或羽毛狀茸毛形成的修飾性花萼
         pope  n.羅馬教皇,主教,大腿上要害部位

[Pokorny pap(p)a 789.]

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→4450 : pap(p)a 爸爸(兒語)；食物，飯 papa (nursery word); food, meal ;?人_35, ?吃_12, ?吃_41

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      papal adj.羅馬教皇的,教皇制度的

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      popery 教皇主義（對羅馬天主教的貶稱）
      popish 教皇的，天主教的

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?? 緊.045.past-:捆緊禁錮 Solid, firm. (根: fast). Solid, firm.

1. 1. from Old English f?st, fixed, firm;
            fast  a.快的，迅速的；堅固的ad.緊緊地；迅速地
            shamefaced 羞愧的，慚愧的
      steadfast adj.堅定的
   2. from Middle Dutch vast, firm, fast. Both a and b from Germanic *fastuz, firm, fast.
            avast 停?。河糜谑怪Ｖ沟拿?/span>
2. from Old English f?stnian, to fasten, establish, from Germanic *fastinōn, to make firm or fast.
         fasten v.扎牢,使固定
3. from Old Norse festa, to fix, affirm, from Germanic causative *fastjan, to make firm.
   handfast （成交或成婚時的）握手：用來表示諸如合約或婚姻的誓言的一種握手
4. 1. from Old English f?stan, to abstain from food;
   2. from Old Norse fasta, to abstain from food. Both a and b from Germanic *fastēn, to hold fast, observe abstinence.
      breakfast n.早餐v.(給某人)吃早餐

[Pokorny pasto? 789.]

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→4454 : pasto- 堅固，快速，堅固 firm, fast, solid ;?身_81

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      faster adj.更快的,快的( fast的比較級 ),走得快,感光快的,攝影術快動作的（鏡頭） adv.更快地
      fasting adj.禁食的 n.禁食
      fastness 要塞
      fastener n.扣件,紐扣,按鈕,使系牢之物
  unfasten vt.解開（尤指衣服或帶子）,松開 vi.解開，脫開，松開

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?? p破.046.pau-1:破貧少小 Few, little. (根: poul, pover, pau, ped, poor, puer, pool, pull, few, fin, pon). Few, little. Oldest form *peh₂u?, colored to *pah₂u?.
Derivatives include few, pauper, foal, pony, and pullet.

1. Adjectival form *pau?, few, little.
   1. from Old English fēawe, few, from Germanic *fawaz.
            few    a.[表肯定]有些，幾個；[表否定]幾乎沒有的
   2. Suffixed form *pau-ko?. from Latin paucus, little, few.
            paucity n.缺乏；少數；少量
            poco adv.少，稍
   3. Suffixed form *pau-ro? in metathetical form *par-wo?. from Latin parvus, little, small, neuter parvum, becoming parum, little, rarely.
      paraffin 石蠟，煤油
            parvorder 帕沃德
            parvovirus 小脫氧核糖核酸病毒：一類在二十面體蛋白外殼中含有脫氧核糖核酸的小病毒中的任一種，在許多脊椎動物，尤其是狗和牛等哺乳動物中引起疾病
   4. Compound *pau-paros, producing little, poor (*par-os, producing; see per?-¹). from Latin pauper, poor.
            pauper 窮人，貧民
            poor  a.貧困的；可憐的；貧乏的；貧瘠的；低劣的
            poverty n.貧窮,貧困
        depauperate 遏制的：阻止成長或發展的；遏制的
        impoverish 使貧窮
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *pu-lo?, young of an animal.
   1. from Old English fola, young horse, colt, from Germanic *fulōn?.
            foal 小馬駒
   2. from Old Norse fylja, young female horse, from Germanic derivative *fuljō.
            filly 小牝馬
3. Basic form *pau? and zero-grade form *pū??, boy, child.
   1. Suffixed form *pu-ero?. from Latin puer, child.
            puerile 孩子氣的
            puerperal 有關、關聯或發生于分娩期或尾隨分娩期后的時間的
   2. Extended form *put?.
      1. from Latin pullus (< *putslo?), young of an animal, chicken;
               poltroon 膽小鬼，懦夫
               pony  n.矮種馬,小馬
               pool  n.水池,游泳池;合資經營v.合伙經營,聯營
               poulard 閹過的小母雞：由于切除卵巢而不能生育的小母雞，通常為了催肥
               poulter's measure 波爾特測量
               poultry n.家禽
               pullet 小母雞
               Punchinello 潘趣乃樂，丑角：意大利木偶劇中演滑稽戲的又矮又胖的人或小丑
               catchpole 法警：司法官員，尤指那種逮捕債務人的司法官員
      2. from Latin pusillus (< *putslo-lo?), old diminutive of pullus;
               pusillanimous 膽怯的
      3. further suffixed form *put-o?. from Latin putus, boy.
               putto 裸童像：為小孩的形象，通常是裸體有翅膀，特別是指在歐洲文藝復興時期的藝術作品所使用的
   3. Suffixed form *paw-id?. from Greek pais (stem paid?), child (> paideia, education).
            pedo- 孩子；孩子們：
      encyclopedia 包含所有知識的東西:n.百科全書
      orthopedics n.整形手術,矯形術,整形外科,矯形學

[Pokorny pōu? 842.]

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→4551 : pōu- : p?u- : pū?- 小動物，小動物 few, small, little; young (of animals) ;?動_11, ?空_56, ?時_14

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      Paul  保羅：基督徒的使徒，他的生活和教導記錄在他的書信和《使徒行傳》中
      pococurante 冷漠的；無動于衷的
      poulter
      poulterer

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      poorly a.不舒服的ad.貧窮地
  impoverished adj.窮困的,無力的,用盡了的
  impoverishment n.貧窮，窮困,貧化
orthopedist n.整形外科醫師

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?? p破.047.pau-2:砍減計算 To cut, strike, stamp. (根: put, count, pav, pit, pe). To cut, strike, stamp. Oldest form *peh₂u?, colored to *pah₂u?.

1. Suffixed (participial) zero-grade form *pu-to?, cut, struck.
   1. from Latin putāre, to prune, clean, settle an account, think over, reflect;
            putamen 殼：一種堅硬的，貝殼狀的覆蓋物，如包住桃核的殼
            putative adj.推定的，假定的，公認的
        account a.敘述，說明；賬目，賬戶vi.說明，解釋
       amputate vt.切除(手臂,腿等)
      compute v./n.計算,估計
            count v.數,計算;算入;看作,認為n.計數,總數
        depute vt.委任；授權給；指定…為代理人
       dispute n.爭論,爭執v.爭論,辯論;反駁;懷疑;阻止
        impute 歸因于，歸咎于
         repute 多次考慮:vt.認為，把……稱為n.名譽，聲望
   2. possibly Latin puteus, well
            pit    n.坑,陷阱;煤礦,礦井
2. Basic form *pau?.
   1. Suffixed form *pau-yo. from Latin pavīre, to beat;
            pave  v.鋪砌,鋪(路)
            pavvé 筑路，鋪路面
   2. suffixed (stative) form *paw-ē?. from Latin pavēre, to fear (< "to be struck");
            pavid 害怕的，膽怯的：表現或體驗到恐懼的；膽怯的
   3. perhaps Greek paiein, to beat
      anapest 抑抑揚格

[Pokorny 3. pēu? 827.]

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→4514 : 2. peu- 名聲，探索，了解 to repute, explore, understand
→4516 : pēu- : p?u- : pū?- 擊中；尖銳 to hit; sharp ;?想_16 ;?工_21, ?感_78

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computer n.計算機,電腦;計算者
      impudent 無恥的，粗魯的，無禮的
      pudency 害羞；羞怯
      pudendum 陰部
      repudiate v.批判,拒付,斷絕,否認

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      countable adj.<語法>（指名詞）可數的
      counter n.柜臺;計數器a./ad.相反(的)v.反對,反擊
      countless adj.無數的,數不盡的,
  encounter n./v.遇到,遭遇
miscount 誤數
   recount v.敘述,重新計算
  uncounted adj.無數的，沒有數過的
  accountability n.有責任，有義務，可說明性,會計責任,可計量性,責任制
  accountable 可解釋的，有責任的，有解釋義務的
  accountancy n.會計師之職,會計學
  accountant n.會計人員，會計師
unaccountable adj.不負責任的,無責任的,不能理解的,難以說明的
unaccountably adv.不能說明地，不可解釋地,無責任地
 amputation n.<醫>截肢（術）,切斷,切除,刪除
computation n.估計，計算
computational adj.計算的
computerization n.計算機的使用，計算機化
computerize vt.用計算機做操縱，操作，編排等,將（資料）存入計算機,（給…）裝備電子計算機,（使）電子計算機化
microcomputer n.微型(電子)計
supercomputer n.[計] 超型計算機
  deputation n.代表團
 disputable adj.可爭辯的，可商榷的，有爭議的
 disputation n.辯論,爭論
 disputatious adj.爭辯的，好爭辯的
indisputable adj.無爭論之余地的,明白的
indisputably adv.無可置辯地，無法反駁地
  imputation n.歸罪,負責,詆毀,非難
disreputable adj.名譽不好的，不體面的,不名譽,為人所不齒
disrepute 不敬
   reputable adj.聲譽好的；受尊敬的；卓越的
   reputation n.名譽,名聲,聲望
   reputed adj.名譽好的,被稱為...的,有...名氣的,掛名的,號稱的
      pitted 表面坑坑洼洼的
      pitting n.蝕損斑，氫氣泡疤,點蝕,銹斑,凹痕
      pavement n.人行道,公路
      paving n.塊石面路

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?? 飛.048.ped-1:根腳支撐 Foot. (根: pod, ped, foot, pecc, fet, pus, pessim, peach, pil, pair, feet, pawn, pion, plat, vamp, pog, pug). Foot.
Derivatives include foot, fetter, pioneer, millipede, impeach, pajamas, fetch¹, pessimism, and impeccable.

1. Nominal root.
   1. Lengthened o-grade form *pōd?.
      1. from Old English fōt, foot.
               foot  n.(pl.feet)腳，足；英尺；底部
      2. from Old High German fuoz, foot. Both a and b from Germanic *fōt?.
               foosball n.桌上足球
   2. Suffixed form *ped-ero?. from Old English fetor, feter, leg iron, fetter, from Germanic *feterō.
            fetter 鎖鏈
   3. Suffixed form *ped-el?. from Middle English fitlock, fetlock, fetlock, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German vizzelach, fetlock, from Germanic *fetel?.
            fetlock n.（馬等蹄后上部的）叢毛，球節（生距毛的突起部分）
   4. Basic form *ped?. from Latin pēs (stem ped?), foot.
            pawn  n.典當,抵押物,人質,(象棋)兵、卒,爪牙,被人利用的人 vt.當掉,以...擔保
           -ped  足：
            pedal 腳用的(東西):adj.腳的，腳踏的n.踏板，腳蹬子v.騎(自行車)，踩踏板
            pedate 像腳的或起到腳的功能的：
            pedestrian n.行人，步行者adj.徒步的，缺乏想象力的
            pedi- 腳：
            pedicel {生物學} 肉莖：一種尤指用作支撐物的短小的莖、部分或器官
            peduncle {植物學} 花梗：花序的花?；騿位ɑㄐ蛑猩袉位ǖ幕ü?/span>
            peon 苦工，苦力
            pes 腳
            pioneer n.先驅,倡導者,開拓者
      millipede 千足蟲
      sesquipedal 很長的詞
         tripedal 三腳的，或三腿的：有三只腳或三條腿的；三腳的
            trivet 三腳火爐架，三腳鐵架
            vamp  妖婦
   5. Suffixed form *ped-yo?.
      1. from Latin expedīre, to free from a snare (ex?, out of; see eghs );
           expedite vt.加快，促進，分發暢通的；adj.迅速的；方便的
      2. from Latin impedīre, "to put in fetters, hobble, shackle," entangle, hinder (in?, in; see en ).
           impede 放進腳鐐:vt.妨礙，阻止
   6. Suffixed form *ped-ikā?. from Latin pedica, fetter, snare.
        impeach 放進腳鐐vt.彈劾；歸咎；懷疑n.控告，檢舉；彈劾；懷疑
   7. O-grade form *pod?.
      1. from Greek pous (stem pod?), foot;
               pew n.教堂內的靠背長凳 vt.排座位
              -pod  表示“足；似足的部分”：
               podium 立足之地:n.樂隊指揮臺；矮墻；墩座墻
         antipodes 地球上處于正相對應的兩個地區；正好相反的食物
             apodal 無足的，足部不發達的：無肢的，無足的或無足狀附屬物的
           appoggiatura 倚音，附音：一種裝飾音，通常比它所引導的音符高或低一個音階并以一個小音符或特殊標記來表示
             Apus  天燕（星）座：南半球鄰近蒼蠅座和孔雀座的星座
         chenopod 藜：包括菠菜、甜菜和莧菜等任何一種藜屬植物
         lycopodium 石松屬植物：一種石松屬植物， 包括石松
         macropod 大腳掌
         monopodium 單軸：植物的主軸，如云杉的樹干，維持樹木的生長并長出旁枝
         octopus 八爪魚:n.章魚
         Oedipus 奧狄帕斯：萊厄斯和喬卡斯塔之子，在出生時即被拋棄，后在無意中殺害了他父親爾后娶了他母親
         pelecypod 參見 [lamellibranch]
               phalarope n.磯鷂之類
               platypus 鴨嘴獸
               podagra 痛風，足痛風：痛風，尤指大腳趾的痛風
               podiatry 足部醫療
               podophyllin 盾葉鬼臼樹脂：從盾葉鬼臼的干制根中提煉出來的一種苦味樹脂，在醫學上用作一種瀉藥和腐蝕劑
               polyp n.珊瑚蟲(水螅型),息肉
         polypod 多足的：有許多足的
         rhizopus 根霉：任一種根霉屬 的各種致腐真菌，例如 黑根霉 即普通的面包霉菌
         sympodium 合軸：從一連續短的側枝上生長出來的初級莖軸，常常為之字形或不規則的形狀，如卡特米蘭屬的蘭花中的 也作 [pseudaxis]
         xenopus 異爪蛙：產于非洲南部的異爪蛙屬 無舌有爪的水棲蛙，尤指普遍用于研究脊椎動物發展的 異爪蛙
      2. from Russian pod, under.
               podzol 灰壤，灰化土：一種淋洗的土壤，主要形成于陰涼而濕潤的地帶
   8. Suffixed form *ped-ya. from Greek peza, foot.
            trapezium 梯形
   9. Suffixed form *ped-o?.
      1. from Greek pedon, ground, soil;
               pedo- 孩子；孩子們：
               pedon 單個土體
         parallelepiped 平行六面體
      2. from Sanskrit padam, footstep, foot, and pāt, foot;
               pada 句腳，句足：梵文詩歌音步的單位，由多種不同固定組合中的輕重音節系列組成
               paisa 派士
               pice n.印度銅幣
               pie n.餡餅
               pug    哈巴狗
      3. from Middle Persian pāī, leg, foot;
               charpoy 吊床
               pajama 睡衣；寬長褲
               teapoy 小桌
      4. lengthened-grade form *pēd-o?.
         1. from Greek pēdon, rudder, steering oar;
                  pilot n.飛行員;領港員v.駕駛(飛機等);領航,引水
         2. from Greek pēdān, to leap.
             diapedesis 血球滲出：血細胞的滲出或流出，特指白細胞透過完整的毛細血管壁滲入周圍的肌體組織中
   10. Suffixed form ped-ī?. from Greek pedilon, sandal.
       cypripedium 杓蘭屬植物：一種杓蘭 屬的蘭花，如杓蘭屬植物
2. Verbal root *ped?, to walk, stumble, fall.
   1. from Old English fetian, feccean, to bring back, from Germanic *fetēn.
            fetch v.取來;接來;引出;售得;吸引n.取得;拿
   2. 1. Suffixed (comparative) form *ped-yos?. from Latin pēior, worse (< "stumbling");
               pejoration 惡化，變壞：惡化或變壞的狀況或過程
           impair v.損害,削弱.vt.（計算機）損傷
      2. suffixed (superlative) form *ped-samo?. from Latin pessimus, worst;
               pessimism n.悲觀，悲觀情緒；厭世主義
      3. suffixed form *ped-ko?. from Latin peccāre, to stumble, sin. a-c all from Latin *ped?.
               peccadillo 小罪過，岔子，小錯
               peccant 犯罪的
               peccavi 認罪，悔過
           impeccable adj.無瑕疵的，無缺點的，無懈可擊的

[Pokorny 2. pē?d? 790.]

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→4458 : 2. pē?d-, pō?d- 腳 foot ;?身_37

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barefoot adj.赤腳的
      footpad n.（徒步的）攔路賊,墊套式支腳
      pajamas n.睡衣,寬長褲
      pedicure 足部護理
      podite 肢節：節肢動物的肢的一節
pseudopod n.假足，偽足
scaphopod 參見 [tooth shell]
sesquipedalian 長字
theropod adj.獸腳亞目食肉恐龍（前肢小，主要用后肢行走），獸腳亞目的

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      feet  n.腳(pl.),(foot的復數),英尺,韻腳
      footed adj.有腳的，…腳的
      footer n.頁腳,高…英尺的人（或物） vi.（蘇格蘭）擺弄，玩弄，摸弄
      footing n.立足處,(社會)地位,關系
forefoot n.（四足動物的）前足，前腳
underfoot ad.在腳下面,踩著地
  unfettered adj.被除去腳鐐的,無拘無束的
  impediment n.口吃；妨礙；阻止
  impeachment n.彈劾,控告,懷疑
unimpeachable adj.無可指責的，無可懷疑的，可靠的 adv.無可懷疑地，可靠地
      podiatrist 足科醫生
      piloting n.領航的職業，（船）近岸航行法，（航空）地標領航
      pilotless adj.無駕駛員的
      fetched v. 吸引；使發出；售得（若干價錢）；接來（某人）
  impairment n.損害,損傷
      pessimist n.悲觀主義者
      pessimistic a.悲觀(主義)的
      pessimistically adv.悲觀地
  impeccably 完美地,毋庸置疑地,無瑕疵地

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?? p破.049.pē(i)-:被批迫害 To hurt. (根: pass, pati, fiend). Also pē?, pī-.
To hurt. Contracted from *pe?₁(i)?; zero-grades *pi?₁?,*p?₁?.

1. Suffixed (participial) form *pī-ont? (< *pi?-ont?) from Old English fēond, fīond, enemy, devil, from Germanic *fījand?, hating, hostile.
         fiend 惡魔
2. Possibly *pē? in suffixed zero-grade form *p?-to?. from Latin patī, to suffer.
         passible 敏感的：能感覺的或能感受的；敏感的：
         passion n.熱情,激情,愛好;激怒;強烈感情
         passive a.被動的,消極的
         patient a.有耐心的,能忍耐的n.病人,患者
   compassion 一道忍受:n.同情，憐憫

[Pokorny pē(i)? 792.]

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→4460 : pē(i)-, pī- 傷害、責罵、羞辱 to hurt, scold, shame ;?商_28, ?情_45

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      pen-
      penult 倒數第二的：一個系列中最后一項的上一項

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      fiendish adj.殘酷的,刁鉆的,非常不愉快的,（困難、機敏等）非常的 adv.殘酷地,兇猛地,刁鉆地 n.棘手
 dispassion n.冷靜，公平
  impassioned adj.充滿激情的；感激的
      passionless adj.沒熱情的
      passivity n.被動性
  impatience n.急躁，不耐煩
  impatient a.不耐煩的,急躁的
   inpatient n.住院病人
      patience n.耐心,忍耐
      patiently adv.耐心地，堅韌不拔地
compassionate adj.慈悲的，富有同情心的vt.同情，憐憫

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?? p破.050.pei?-:蓬松發胖 To be fat, swell. (根: pin, fat, pit). To be fat, swell.
Derivatives include fat, pituitary, and Irish.

1. Zero-grade form *pī? (contracted from *pi??).
   1. Possibly suffixed form *pī-tu?. from Latin pītuīta, moisture exuded from trees, gum, phlegm.
            pip 種子，籽
            pituitary 腦垂體
   2. Possibly suffixed form *pī-nu?. from Latin pīnus, pine tree (yielding a resin).
            pine  n.松樹
            pineal 松果體
            pinnace n.裝載于艦上的中型艇
            pi?on 矮松：一種松樹，長有可食的堅果類種子，特別是長在美國西部和墨西哥的食松 也作 [nut pine]
            Pinot 比諾葡萄：主要生長在美國加利福尼亞州及法國的一種白色或紅色葡萄，用來釀酒
            pi?a cloth 菠蘿纖維織物：由菠蘿葉纖維制成的軟而亮的纖維
   3. Suffixed form *pī-won?. from Greek pīōn, fat.
            propionic acid 丙酸：一種含脂肪的液態酸，化學式為CH3CH 2COOH，能在汗液和奶制品中被找到，是細菌發酵的產物，由酒精和一氧化碳合成，主要用途是以丙酸鹽的形態作為面包中的霉菌抑制劑以及香水配料 也作 [propanoic acid]
   4. Suffixed form *pī-wer?, "fat, fertile."
      1. from Old English īras, the Irish, from *īwer-iū, the prehistoric Celtic name for Ireland;
               Erse 蘇格蘭蓋爾語
               Irish n.|a.愛爾蘭人(的),愛爾蘭語（的）
      2. from Greek Pīeriā, a region ofMacedonia, from *Pīwer-iā?.
               Pierian Spring {希臘神話} 比埃里亞圣泉：馬其頓一個奉獻給繆斯的泉
2. Extended o-grade form *poid?. from Old English f?t(t), fat, from Germanic past participle *faitidaz, fattened, from derivative verb *faitjan, to fatten, from *faitaz, plump, fat.
         fat    a.多脂肪的，肥胖的；豐厚的n.脂肪，肥肉

[Pokorny pei?(?)? 793.]

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→4461 : pei?(?)-, pī?- 脂肪；牛奶 fat; milk ;?吃_86

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      Erin 愛爾蘭：愛爾蘭的詩化稱呼
      pay v.付款,付出代價,給予注意n.工資,薪金
      piceous {植物學} 瀝青的，與瀝青有關的
      picoline 皮考林，甲基吡啶：三種同質異構液體之一，C5H 4N(CH 3)，從煤焦油、馬尿和骨油中提取，用作工業溶劑
      pitch n.瀝青;擲v.用瀝青覆蓋;投擲,扔
      pitchblende 瀝青鈾礦：鈾礦的一種
      pittosporum 海桐花：一種海桐花 屬的原產于東半球溫帶地區的常青灌木或樹種，在南美和美國太平洋沿岸的一些州作為裝飾或樹籬植物而種植
      propionic 丙酸的

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      fatness n.肥胖，肥沃，油膩
      fats  n. 肥肉；（人體攝入的動植物）脂肪；（食用的）動植物油
      fatten v.養肥,使肥沃
      fatty a.脂肪的

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?? p破.051.peig-1:刻畫銼刀 To cut, mark (by incision). (根: Pict, paint, pint, pig, fil). Also peik-.
(earlier *peik??, remaining as such in satem languages). To cut, mark (by incision).

1. Alternate form *peik?. from Old English fīl, file, from Germanic *fīhala, cutting tool.
         file  n.銼刀;文件,檔案v.銼
2. Nasalized zero-grade form *pi-n-g?. from Latin pingere, to embroider, tattoo, paint, picture.
         paint n.油漆,顏料v.油漆;涂,涂漆;畫;描繪,描述
         Pictor 繪架星座：南半球一星座，位于天鴿星座和劍魚星座附近
         picture n.畫,圖片;影片;美景v.畫,描述,想象
         picturesque adj.圖畫般的，生動的，別致的
         pigment n.色素，顏料v.上色，呈現顏色
         pimento 西班牙甜椒
         pint  n.品脫
         pinto 黑白斑紋的
     depict v.描繪;描寫,描述
         pictograph n.象形文字,形符
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *pik-ro?. from Greek pikros, sharp, bitter.
         picro- 表示“苦的”，“苦味”：
4. O-grade form *poik?. from Greek poikilos, spotted, pied, various.
         poikilotherm 冷血動物；變溫動物：一種體溫隨周圍環境的溫度變化的生物體，如魚或爬行動物；變溫動物

[Pokorny 1. peig? 794.]

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→4462 : 1. peig-, and peik- 彩色的，有斑點的 colored, speckled ;?感_61

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      pimiento n.辣椒

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      painter n.漆工,畫家
      painterly adj.美術的
      painting n.上油漆,著色;繪畫;油畫;畫法
   repaint vt.再次（重新）油漆，再次（重新）畫,恢復…原來的色彩 n.重新涂漆的東西
      pigmentation 色素沉著
  depiction n.描繪，描述
      pictographic adj.象形文字的
      pimiento n.辣椒

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?? 飛.052.peku-:破費財產 Wealth, movable property. (根: fe, pecul, pecu). Wealth, movable property. Oldest form *pek?u?, becoming *peku? in centum languages.

1. 1. from Old Norse fē, property, cattle;
            fellow n.人,家伙;伙伴,同事a.同樣的,同事的
   2. from Old French fie, fief, and Old English feoh, cattle, goods, money;
            fee    n.費(會費,學費等);酬金
            fief 封地，采邑
        enfeoff 授予封建采邑（世襲地產）或封地
            feoffment 贈與不動產的證書
   3. from Medieval Latin feudum, feudal estate. a-c all from Germanic *fehu?.
            feud  n.不和,爭執,世仇.vi.長期爭斗
2. from Latin pecus, cattle.
         pecorino n.佩科里諾干酪，羊乳干酪
3. Suffixed form *peku-n?. from Latin pecūnia, property, wealth.
         pecuniary 金錢的
     impecunious 不名一文的，貧窮的
4. Suffixed form *peku-l?. from Latin pecūlium, riches in cattle, private property.
         peculate 盜用，挪用
         peculiar a.古怪的,異常的;特殊的,特有的

[In Pokorny 2. pek?? 797.]

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      fees  n. 費用
      fiefdom n.封地，采邑
      peculiarity n.特性；特質；怪癖；奇特

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?? 飛.053.pek?-:成熟炒飯 To cook, ripen. (根: coc, pept, cook, cot, peps, culin, kitch, cuit, cut). To cook, ripen.

1. Assimilated form (in Italic and Celtic) *k^wek^w?.
   1. from Latin coquere, to cook;
            cook  n.廚師v.烹調，燒煮；纂改(賬目)，捏造
            cuisine n.烹飪，烹調法
            kitchen n.廚房
            quittor 馬蹄疽，化膿性蹄軟骨炎：馬或其它硬蹄動物的腳蹄軟骨所患的一種炎癥，特征為：蹄組織退化，形成死肉以及瘺管疼痛
      apricot n.杏,杏樹
       biscotto 意大利式脆餅：一種意大利脆餅，用茴香調味，并常加入杏仁或榛果
       biscuit n.餅干,點心
      charcuterie n.豬肉店，熟食店
      concoct 一起煮:vt.捏造，炮制，調合，圖謀
        decoct 煎；熬；使濃縮
       precocious adj.早熟的，過早發育的
          ricotta n.意大利乳清干酪
      sancocho
      terra cotta 赤陶土：用于制陶和建筑的一種硬的半燒制的防水的陶土
   2. from Latin culīna, kitchen, deformed from coquīna.
            culinary adj.廚房的；烹調用的
            kiln n.窯,爐
2. from Greek pepōn, ripe.
         pepo 瓜果：任何一種相關植物的果實，例如香瓜、西瓜、黃瓜、南瓜和香瓜，長有硬且堅韌的皮、飽滿的果肉和許多扁平的種子
         pumpkin n.南瓜
3. from Greek peptein, to cook, ripen, digest (> peptos, cooked).
         peptic adj.消化的，有助消化的n.消化器官
         peptize 膠溶：分解沉淀物形成膠質
         drupe 核果：一種多肉水果，一般有一顆內包種子的硬果核，如桃、李或櫻桃等也作 [stone fruit]
     eupeptic 消化良好的，消化正常的：與消化良好有關的或消化良好的
         pepsin 胃蛋白酶
         peptone 胨：各種從天然白蛋白酸或酶水解中得到的合成物，用做培養細菌的營養培養基
4. from Greek -pepsiā, digestion.
   dyspepsia 消化不良
5. from Sanskrit pakva?, ripe.
         pukka 真品的，高質量的
         pakora 油炸蔬菜
6. from Old Iranian *-pāka?, cooked (Avestan -pāka?).
         ceviche n.酸橘汁腌魚
         escabeche

[Pokorny pek^u?? 798.]

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→4470 : peku?- 做飯 to cook ;?吃_21

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      pumpion

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      cooker n.炊具,蒸(煮)機,(非生吃的)為烹食所種水果
      cookery n.烹調術
      cooking n.烹飪
concoction n.混合；調合；調合物
  decoction n.煎煮，煮出的汁，煎熬的藥,煎法,熬出物,湯液
 precocity n.早熟，早成
dyspeptic adj.消化不良的，胃弱的，患胃病的 n.消化不良的人

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?? 瓶.054.pel-2:平淡蒼白 Pale. (根: pall, falc, pal). Pale.
Derivatives include pallor, falcon, and poliomyelitis.

1. Suffixed variant form *pal-wo?.
   1. 1. from Old English fealu, fealo, reddish yellow;
               fallow deer 鹿：歐洲產的一種小鹿（達摩鹿） ，夏季紅黃色的毛皮上有白斑，公鹿雙角扁平
      2. from Frankish *falw?, reddish-yellow. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *falwaz.
               fauvism 野獸派：20世紀早期的繪畫流派，由一群法國畫家發起，其特點是顯著的鮮艷色彩和對開式的自由處理
   2. from Latin pallēre, to be pale;
            pale  a.蒼白的,灰白的;淺的,暗淡的
            pallid 蒼白的
            pallidum 螺旋體,蒼白球
            pallor 蒼白，恐懼
        appall v. 使...膽寒；使...驚駭
   3. from Latin palumbēs (influenced in form by Latin columbus, dove), ringdove, "gray-bird.".
            palomino 帕爾米洛馬
2. Probably suffixed form *pel-ko?. from Late Latin falcō, falcon, from Germanic *falkōn?, falcon (< "gray bird"; but this is also possibly from the Late Latin).
         falcon 嘴像彎鉤的:n.獵鷹；隼
    gyrfalcon n.矛隼（產于北極和近北極地區）
3. Suffixed extended form *peli-wo?.
   1. from Greek pelios, dark;
            Pelops 佩羅普斯：坦塔羅斯之子和阿特柔斯之父
   2. o-grade form *poli-wo?. from Greek polios, gray.
            poliomyelitis 脊髓灰質炎，小兒麻痹癥
4. Perhaps Greek pelargos, stork (< *pelawo-argos, "black-white bird"; argos, white; see arg-)
         pelargonium n.天竺葵屬的植物

[Pokorny 6. pel? 804.]

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→4478 : 6. pel- 灰色的，暗淡的顏色；蒼白的 gray, dull color; pallor ;?感_62, ?感_64

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      fallow n.休耕地 adj.[農]休耕的,未孕的,潛伏發,不活躍的 vt.使(土地)休閑,休整,潛伏(指潛在的特征等)
      polio n.<醫>脊髓灰質炎（等于poliomyelitis）

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      palely adv.蒼白地，暗淡地
      paleness n.蒼白，暗淡，失色
  appalling adj.可怕的，令人震驚的
  appallingly adv.令人毛骨悚然地
      falconer n.以鷹狩獵者，養鷹者，放鷹者
      falconry 鷹獵

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?? 瓶.055.pel-3:多層重疊 To fold. (根: fold, ple, plic, ply, ble). To fold.

1. Extended o-grade form *polt?.
   1. from Old English fealdan, faldan, to fold;
            fold  v.折疊;合攏;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊欄;信徒
   2. from Old High German faldan, to fold;
            faltboat 參見 [foldboat]
   3. from Italian falda, fold, flap, pleat;
            furbelow 裙飾：裙褶或皺襞裙飾
   4. 1. from Medieval Latin compound faldistolium, folding chair;
               faldstool 祈禱椅：禮拜著跪著祈禱時使用的一種可折疊的小凳子，尤指英格蘭國王舉行加冕禮時使用的
      2. from Old French faldestoel, faldstool. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound *faldistōlaz, "folding stool" (*stōlaz, stool; see stā- ).
               fauteuil 扶手椅：通常指有寬扶手的加墊椅
   5. from Old English -feald, -fald, -fold, from Germanic combining form *-falthaz, *-faldaz. a-e all from Germanic *falthan, *faldan.
           -fold 表示"由…部分構成"；表示"...倍"
2. Combining form *-plo?.
   1. from Latin -plus, -fold (as in triplus, threefold);
      decuple 數量為十倍的；十倍的
      multiple a.多樣的,多重的n.倍數v.成倍增加
      octuple 有八個部分、成員或份數的
      quadruple adj.四倍的；四重的vt.使…成四倍vi.成為四倍n.四倍
      quintuple 五倍
      septuple 七的：包括七的或由七組成的
      sextuple 乘六或被六乘
         triple adj.三倍的，三方的三倍數；三個一組vi.增至三倍vt.使成三倍
   2. from Greek -plos, -ploos, -fold (as in haploos, haplous, single, and triploos, triple).
            -ploid 表示“染色體組的倍數”：具有與一組染色體的基本數目有特定關系的，或是一組染色體的基本數目的倍數的，一組染色體的基本數量的：
            triploblastic 三重胚的：具有三層原胚層的。用于脊椎動物的胚胎

[Pokorny 3a. pel? 802.]

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→4474 : 3a. pel- 折疊 to fold ;?工_15

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double n.|a.兩倍(的).vt.使加倍
eightfold adj.八倍的,八層的,八倍地,八層地 adv.八倍地，八層地
      feel v.觸；認為vi.摸上去有…感覺；摸索；覺得
fourfold adj.四倍的，四重的 adv.四倍，四重
manifold 許多倍
multiply v.(by)乘,使相乘;倍增,增加,繁殖
threefold adj.& adv.<正>三倍（的）,有三部分的，三重的
 twofold adj.兩部分的,雙重的 adv.兩部分地,雙重地

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  enfold 擁抱
      folder n.文件夾,折疊器,折疊機,折疊式印刷品
      folding adj.可折疊的
  unfold v.展開,顯露,展現
multiplication n.乘法
multiplicative n.乘法 adj.增加的，乘法的
multiplicity n.多樣性，多重性
      multiplier 倍數
   triplicate 一式三份
   triply adv.三重地

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?? 瓶.056.pel-4:皮毛包膜 Skin, hide. (根: pel, film, pell, fell). Skin, hide.

1. Suffixed form *pel-no?. from Old English fell, skin, hide, from Germanic *felnam.
         fell  vbl.fall 的過去式 vt.擊倒,打倒(疾病等),致于...死地,砍伐 n.一季所伐的木材,獸皮,羊毛 adj.兇猛
2. from Old English filmen, membrane, from Germanic suffixed form *fel-man-ja?.
         film  n.電影；膠片；薄膜，薄層vt.把..拍成電影
3. Suffixed form *pel-ni?. from Latin pellis, skin.
         pelisse 毛皮披風：一種通常是毛皮質或毛皮襯里的長披風或外袍
         pellicle 薄皮，薄膜：如生物膜或液體膜等細薄的皮或膜
         pelt  n.投擲,毛皮.v.剝...的皮,投擲
         peltry 毛皮，生皮：未加工的毛皮的總稱
         pillion 摩托車后座
         pellagra 糙皮病
         surplice 教士和唱詩班穿的白色罩衣
4. from Greek -pelas, skin.
   erysipelas 丹毒：由一種溶血性鏈球菌引起的皮膚或皮下組織突發性疾病，其癥狀是局部發炎和發燒也作 [Saint Anthony?s fire]
5. Suffixed form *pel-to?. from Greek peltē, a shield (made of hide).
         peltate 盾形的，盾狀的：在靠近中心而非邊緣處或附近有一個柄的平面圓形結構；盾形的：

[Pokorny 3b. pel? 803.]

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→4475 : 3b. pel-, pel?-, plē- 包，蓋；布；掉下來，毛皮 to wrap, cover; cloth; fell, pelt ;?身_12, ?穿_21, ?行_14, ?空_26

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microfilm 縮微膠卷

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      filming n.拍攝電影,薄膜形成 v.拍攝(film的ing形式),以薄膜覆蓋
      filmy 薄膜般的

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?? --.057.pel-5:賣出鋪貨 To sell. (根: pol, bibli). To sell.

Lengthened o-grade form *pōl?.
      bibliopole 珍本書商
monopoly n.壟斷(者) from Greek pōlein, to sell.

[Pokorny 5. pel? 804.]

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→4477 : 5. pel- 賺，賣 to earn, sell ;?商_79, ?商_82

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monopolist n.專利者,大資本家
monopolistic adj.獨占的，壟斷的，專利的
monopolization n.獨占，專賣，壟斷
monopolize vt.獨占,壟斷,擁有…的專賣權

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?? 梆.058.pel-6:撞擠推動 To thrust, strike, drive. (根: pel, puls, peal, pol, push, fil, ples, fel, vil). To thrust, strike, drive.
Derivatives include anvil, filter, pulsate, polish, and appeal.

1. Suffixed form *pel-de?.
   1. 1. from Old English anfilt(e), anfealt, anvil ("something beaten on");
           anvil  n.[解]砧骨
      2. 1. from Old English felt, felt;
                  felt  n.氈,氈制品,(造紙用的)毛布 vt.把...制成氈,使粘結 vi.粘結 vbl.feel的過去式和過去分詞
         2. from Medieval Latin filtrum, filter, piece of felt. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *feltaz, *filtiz, compressed wool. Both a and b from Germanic *felt?, *falt?, to beat.
                  filter n.濾器,濾紙
                  filtrate 濾液
   2. from Latin pellere (past participle pulsus), to push, drive, strike.
            pelt  n.投擲,毛皮.v.剝...的皮,投擲
            poussette 拉手環舞：一對或幾對舞伴雙手相牽在地板上轉圈跳的鄉村舞蹈
            pulsate 振動，搏動
            pulse n.脈搏,脈沖
            push  v.推;催逼,逼迫n.推,推力;促進,推進
      compel v.強迫,迫使
       dispel 趕開:vt.驅散，消除
        expel  v.把…開除;驅逐;排出;發射
        impel  趕進去:vt.推動，驅使，激勵
        impulse v.推動n.推動;沖動,刺激
       propel 往前趕:vt.推進，驅使，驅策，激勵
         repel  趕回去:vt.抵制，擊退
   3. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *pol-o?, fuller of cloth. from Latin polīre, to make smooth, polish (< "to full cloth");
               polish v.磨光,擦亮;使優美,潤飾n.擦光劑,上光蠟
      2. suffixed o-grade form *pol-o? (with different accentuation from the preceding), fulled (of cloth) from Latin compound adjective interpolis (also interpolus), refurbished (inter?, between; see en ).
         interpolate 插話，插嘴
2. Extended form *pel?₂?.
   1. Present stem *pelnā?.
      1. from Latin appellāre, "to drive to," address, entreat, appeal, call (ad?, to; see ad- );
           appeal vi.呼吁，懇求；申訴n.呼吁；申訴；吸引力
               peal  鐘鳴，鐘響，洪亮的響聲，轟隆聲
          rappel 繞繩下降
            repeal vt.廢除，撤銷，廢止，放棄，否定n.廢除，撤銷
      2. from Latin compellāre, to accost, address (com?, intensive prefix; see kom ).
         compellation 姓名；頭銜
   2. Possible suffixed zero-grade extended adverbial form *pl??-ti?, or locative plural *pl??-si. from Greek plēsios, near (< "pushed toward"), from pre-Greek *plāti or *plāsi.
            plesiomorphy 準形態學
            plesiosaur n.蛇頸龍

[Pokorny 2a. pel? 801.]

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→4472 : 2a. pel-, pel?- : plā- 推動，推動，啟動 to drive, propel, set in motion ;?行_65

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      catapult v.彈射，猛投n.彈射器，投石車，石弩，彈弓

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      filtration n.過濾；篩選
      pulsation n.脈搏，悸動，脈動,搏動性
      pusher 毒品販子
      pushy adj.有進取心的
compelling adj.引人注目的；強制的；激發興趣的
compellingly adv. 咄咄逼人地
compulsion n.強制；強迫；強制力
compulsive adj.強制的；強迫的
  expulsion n.驅逐；開除
  impeller n.推進者，葉輪
  impulsive adj.沖動的；受感情驅使的；任性的
 propellant 推進劑，噴射劑
 propeller 用來推進的東西:n.螺旋槳，推進器
 propulsion n.推進；推進力
 propulsive adj.對某物（尤指機動交通工具）起推動作用的，推進的，有推進力的,趨于推動
self-propelled adj.自力推進的，機動式的,自推進,自走式
   repellant adj.<主英>排斥的
   repellent adj.排斥的，防水的，彈回的，令人討厭的n.防護劑，防水布，排斥力
   repulsive adj.排斥的；令人厭惡的；擊退的；冷淡的
      polished adj.擦亮的,磨光的,精練的,優美的,無暇的
interpolation n.竄改,添寫，插補
  appealing adj.吸引人的,哀訴似的,懇求似的
  appealingly adv.上訴地，哀求地
  appellant adj.上訴的n.上訴人
unappealing adj.不吸引人的, 乏味的,不討人喜歡的, 令人反感的

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?? 瓶.059.pel?-1:填滿增加 To fill ; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. (根: pol, ple, plet, plen, plur, fill, full, pleb, Pli, plent, plish, folk, plim, plus, ply). To fill; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. Oldest form *pelh₁?; variant *pleh₁?, becoming *plē?.
Derivatives include fill, plenty, folk, accomplish, expletive, and plebeian.

1. Zero-grade form *pl???.
   1. Suffixed form *pl??-no?. from Old English full, full, from Germanic *fulnaz, *fullaz, full.
            full  a.(of)滿的,充滿的a./ad.完全,充分
   2. from Old English fyllan, to fill (from Germanic derivative verb *fulljan, to fill), and fyllu, full amount (from Germanic abstract noun *full-īnō?, fullness).
            fill  v.(with)填滿,充滿
   3. from Old High German fullen, to fill, from Germanic derivative verb *fulljan, from *fulla?, full (see 1 above).
            gefilte fish 魚丸或魚餅：切得很碎的魚，通常是白鮭、狗魚或鯉魚，與面包屑、雞蛋和調味品混合，在魚湯里以球形或卵形餅的形式煮熟，通常切碎了吃
   4. from Latin plēnus, full, from Latin stem *plēno?, replacing *plāno? (influenced by Latin verb plēre, to fill; see IV. 1. below).
            plenary 全體的，全民的
            plenitude 大量，眾多
            plenty n.豐富,大量
            plenum 全體會議
            plenipotentiary 全權代表
         replenish vt.補充，再裝滿；把…裝滿；給…添加燃料
      terreplein 壘道：架炮用的平臺或平的地面
   5. Suffixed form *pl??-go?.
      1. from Old English folc, people;
               folk  n.人們;民族;親屬a.民間的
      2. from Old High German folc, people. Both a and b from Germanic *folkam.
               Herrenvolk 統治民族
               volkslied 民歌
2. Suffixed form *p(e)l?-u?.
   1. Obscure comparative form. from Latin plūs, more (Archaic Latin plous). See also IV. 5. below.
            più 更：更。在使用上限定形容詞或另一副詞
            plural a.復數的n.復數
            plus  prep.加上a.正的,加的n.加號,正號
      nonplus 困惑；使困惑；迷惑；使為難；僵局
            pluperfect 過去完成時，極好的
       surplus n.過剩,剩余；余款,余額a.過剩的,剩余的
   2. O-grade form *pol(?)-u?. from Greek polus, much, many.
            poly- 多，復，聚
      hoi polloi 民眾；大眾
   3. Possibly from this root (but probably rather from pel-¹) is Latin palūs, marsh (? < "inundated"):
            paludal 沼澤的：沼澤的，關于沼澤的；沼地的
            palustrine 沼澤的
3. Suffixed form *p(e)l?-o?. Latin compound manipulus (see man-²).
4. Variant form *plē?.
   1. from Latin plēre, to fill.
      accomplish v.實現(計劃等)；達到(目的)；完成(任務)
      complete a.完全的,圓滿的v.完成,結束,使完滿
      compliment 遵守禮節:n.恭維，稱贊，問候，致意，道賀
      comply 滿足:vi.遵守，順從
        deplete vt.耗盡，使衰竭
        expletive 填充空白的:adj.填補的，附加的n.填補物
        implement n.(pl.)工具,器具v.貫徹,實現
         replete 反復填充:adj.充滿的，裝滿的
      supply v.(with,to)供給,供應,補足n.供應,供應量
   2. Possibly suffixed form *plē-dhw?. from Latin plēbs, plēbēs, the people, multitude.
            plebe 一年級學生，新生
            plebeian 平民，平民的，庸俗的
            plebs 市井小民，賤民
            plebiscite 全民公決
   3. Suffixed form *plē-dhwo?. from Greek derivative verb plēthein, to be full.
            plethora n.過剩,過量
            plethysmograph 體積描記器：以某一器官或肢體中的血量或通過它的血量為基礎測定其體積變化的一種儀器
   4. Suffixed adjective (positive) form *plē-ro?. from Greek plērēs, full.
            plerocercoid 全尾幼蟲：以緊密排列的長形身體為特征的一些絳蟲的傳染性幼蟲
   5. Suffixed (comparative) form *plē-i(s)on?. from Greek pleōn, pleiōn, more.
            pleo- 更多：
            pleonasm 冗言，贅述
            pleiotropy 基因多效性,多效性
            Pliocene 上新世的：上新世的、屬于或表示第三紀五世中最后一世的地質時代、巖石系列和沉積物的，以明顯地出現現代動物為特征參見 [geologic time]
   6. Suffixed (superlative) form *plē-isto?. from Greek pleistos, most.
            Pleistocene 更新世的：屬于或標志第四紀的兩個時期中較早時代的地質時期、巖石系列和沉積礦床的，這一時期以互生外貌、北方冰蝕退縮和人類祖先的出現為特征參見 [geologic time]
5. Possibly Sanskrit pūra?, cake (< "that which fills or satisfies"):
         poori 普里面包：巴基斯坦及印度北部的一種質輕的未經發酵的小麥粉面包，通常在穌油中煎炸而成

[Pokorny 1. pel? 798.]

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→4471 : 1. pel-, pel?-, plē- 倒，灌；滿，全體；城鎮？ to pour, fill; full, plenary; town? ;?工_35, ?算_21, ?交_15

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acropolis 衛城（雅典）
complement 用來滿足之物:n.補足物，補語，補角
cosmopolis 國際都市
cosmopolite 世界公民：四海為家的人：
      fell vbl.fall 的過去式 vt.擊倒,打倒(疾病等),致于...死地,砍伐 n.一季所伐的木材,獸皮,羊毛 adj.兇猛
      felon n.重罪人,蛇頭,瘭疽 adj.[古]兇惡的,邪惡的,殘忍的
      folkmoot 民間集會：中世紀英國的一個城鎮、區或郡的人民的大集會
metropolis 母城:n.大都市；首府；重要中心
necropolis 墓地
      palp n.觸須,觸器
      palpable adj.明顯的；可感知的；易覺察的
      palpate 觸摸，觸診
      palpation 觸診，捫診
      palpebra 眼瞼
      palpitate 急速跳動，悸動
      papilionaceous 有蝶形花冠的，蝶形的：有蝴蝶似的左右對稱花冠的，是大部分豆科植物所具有的特點
      papillon 彩蝶，蝴蝶，蝴蝶犬
      papillote 皺紙包：一種用于裝飾烹調好的薄肉或肉片骨端的裝飾用紙
      pavilion n.大帳蓬,亭,閣 vt.搭帳蓬,籠罩
      pleiotaxy 多輪式：花序中輪數目的增多
      pleiotropism 多效作用：受具有若干獨特的、看似與表現效果不相關的單個基因的控制
      police n.警察,警察機關a.警察的v.管轄
      policlinic 門診部：治療門診病人的醫院或保健設施的部門
      policy n.政策,方針
      polis 古希臘城邦
      politic 政治的，謹慎的，明智的，從政的
      political a.政治的
      polity n.政治組織,國家組織,政治,政體
      polydactyl 多指（或趾）畸形的：有超過正常數目的足趾或手指的
      polymer n.聚合體
      polypnea 急促的呼吸；喘氣
      polypod 多足的：有許多足的
      polytene （染色體）多線性的：關于或具有大型的多束染色體的，它與其相對應的染色體相接觸
 propolis n.蜂膠
      psalm 贊美詩，贊美歌
      psaltery 古代弦樂器
supplement n.補遺;增刊;附錄v.增刊,補充
suppletive

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      fuller n.漂洗工
      fullness n.滿,豐富,成熟
      fully ad.充分地,完全地
      filler n.裝填者,補白,裝填物,活頁紙,漏斗
      filling n.填補物,餅餡,緯紗,填充,供應
   refill v.再裝滿,再充填
      plentiful a.富裕的,豐富的
      plentifully adv. 許多地；豐饒地
   replenishment n.補給，補充
      folksy 民間的，大眾的
      pluralism n.復數,兼職,多元主義,多元論
      pluralist n.兼管數個教堂者,兼職者
      pluralistic adj.兼職的,多元論的，多元化的
      plurality n.多數；復數；兼職；勝出票數
      pluralization n.多元化(pluralize的變形)
accomplished adj.完成的；熟練的，有技巧的；有修養的；有學問的
accomplishment n.成就；完成；技藝，技能
completely adv.完全地，徹底地；完整地
completion n.完成，結束，實現
incomplete a.不完全的,不完整的
complimentary adj.贈送的；稱贊的；問候的
uncomplimentary adj.貶降的，貶損的
compliance n.順從，服從；承諾
compliant adj.順從的；服從的；應允的
  depletion n.消耗；損耗；放血
  implementation n.實現；履行；安裝啟用
supplier n.供應者,補充者
      pleonastic 冗言的，贅述的
supplemental adj.補充的，追加的
supplementary a.增補的,補充的
supplementation n.增補,補充
complementarity n.補充，補足,并協性
complementary a.補充的,補足的

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?? 瓶.060.pel?-2:平地廣場 Flat ; to spread. (根: plan, plast, plas, plain, field, floor, palm, pian). Flat; to spread. Oldest form *pelh₂?; variant *pleh₂?, colored to *plah₂?, becoming *plā?.
Derivatives include field, planet, plasma, plastic, and polka.

1. Suffixed form *pel(?)-tu?. from Old English feld, open field, from Germanic *felthuz, flat land.
         field n.田野；運動場；(電或磁)場；領域，范圍
2. Suffixed form *pel(?)-t-es? (by-form of *pel(?)-tu?).
   1. from Old High German feld, field;
            feldspar 長石
   2. from Middle Dutch veld, velt, field. Both a and b from Germanic *feltha?, flat land.
            veld 南非的無樹草原
3. Variant form *plā?.
   1. Suffixed form *plā-ru?. from Old English flōr, floor, from Germanic *flōruz, floor;
            floor n.地板,(樓房)的層
   2. suffixed form *plā-no?. from Latin plānus, flat, level, even, plain, clear.
            llano 大平原：尤指南美洲廣大、多草、幾乎無樹的平原
            piano n.鋼琴
            plain a.明白的;樸素的;坦率;平凡n.平原,曠野
            planarian 渦蟲：三腸目的主要生于淡水的小渦蟲類扁形蟲，具有柔軟、寬闊、長纖毛和助消化的三叉腔以及再生身體其它部分的能力
            plane n.飛機;平面,水平面
            planish 精軋：用輾或錘來平整（金屬）
            plano- 平的：
            planula 浮浪幼體：腔腸動物其扁平的，能自由浮游的，有纖毛的幼體
        esplanade 廣場，空地
        explain v.解釋,說明
            pianoforte 鋼琴
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *pl??-mā?. from Latin palma (< *palama), palm of the hand.
         palm  n.手掌,掌狀物,棕櫚vt.與…握手,藏…于掌中
         palmary 顯著的；偉大的
         palmier 葡果棕櫚,帕米爾
5. Possibly extended variant form *plan?.
   1. from Greek planāsthai, to wander (< "to spread out");
            planet n.行星
          aplanatic 等光程的，透鏡消球差的：矯正球面像差的光學系統或與之有關的
   2. perhaps Germanic *flan?. from French flaner, to walk the streets idly, from a source akin to Old Norse flana, to wander aimlessly.
            flaneur 閑逛者：無目的地閑逛的人；閑混的人
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *pl?-dh?. from Greek plassein (< *plath-yein), to mold, "spread out.".
        -plasia 生長；發育：
         plasma n.血漿
        -plast 表示“體”，“?！?，“團”：表示小的物體、結構、微?；蝾w粒，尤指活性物質；細胞：
         plaster n.石膏；灰泥；膏藥vt.減輕；粘貼；涂以灰泥；敷以膏藥；使平服
         plastic n.(常pl.)塑料,塑料制品a.可塑的,塑性的
         plastid 質體；色素體；成形原體
        -plasty 整形外科：外科形成或塑制；成形外科：
   dysplasia n.發育異常，發育不良，（由發育異常形成的）異常結構
   metaplasm 詞形變異：一個詞的變化，通過音、音節或代表它們的字母的增加、刪除或變換而來
   toxoplasma n.弓形體，弓漿蟲
7. O-grade form *pol??.
   1. from Russian poly?, open;
            polynya 冰間湖：由海水冰圍成的一塊開闊的水域
   2. from Slavic *polje, broad flat land, field.
            Polack 波蘭佬
            polka n.波爾卡舞,女用緊身短上衣

[Pokorny pel?? 805.]
See also extensions plāk-¹, plat-.

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→4480 : pel?-, plā- 平的，平的，寬的，寬的 plane, flat, wide, broad ;?空_61, ?空_71

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      plasmodesma 胞間連絲：穿過細胞壁開口與相鄰活植物細胞的原生質體連接的細胞質鏈
protoplasm 原生質
tonoplast 液泡膜：包圍植物細胞液泡的細胞膜也作 [vacuolar membrane]
      veldt n.（南非洲的）草原

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      fielder n.外野手,接球者
midfield n.球場中央部分 adj.中場的
      floored adj.以…為地面材料的；鋪有…地板的
      flooring n.[常用作總稱]室內地面,地板,地板材料,鋪地板
      pianist n.鋼琴家
      plainer n.<方>抱怨者
      plainly adv.平坦地,明白地
      plainness n.平坦，明白
   biplane n.雙翼飛機，復翼飛機
      planar 平面的
      planer 刨子，刨床
  explainable adj.可解說的
  explanation n.解釋,說明
  explanatory adj.說明的,解釋性
self-explanatory adj.不解自明的，明顯的,自解釋
      planetary adj.行星的
      planetoid n.小行星
      plastered 喝醉的
      plasterer n.泥水匠，石膏師
      plasticity n.可塑性,塑性,適應性,柔軟性
      plastics n.塑料；整形外科；外科修補術
protoplasm 原生質
      veldt n.（南非洲的）草原

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?? f力.061.pel?-3:城堡高地 Citadel, fortified high place. (根: pol). Citadel, fortified high place. Oldest form perhaps *pelh₃? (but exact laryngeal uncertain). Zero-grade form *pl?h₃?.

1. from Greek polis, city (phonological development unclear).
         police n.警察,警察機關a.警察的v.管轄
         policy n.政策,方針
         polis 古希臘城邦
         politic 政治的，謹慎的，明智的，從政的
         polity n.政治組織,國家組織,政治,政體
   acropolis 衛城（雅典）
   cosmopolis 國際都市
   cosmopolite 世界公民：四海為家的人：
   megalopolis 大都會
   metropolis 母城:n.大都市；首府；重要中心
   necropolis 墓地
         policlinic 門診部：治療門診病人的醫院或保健設施的部門
    propolis n.蜂膠
2. from Sanskrit pūr, pur?, fortress.
         gopuram 戈普拉姆

[In Pokorny 1. pel? 798.]

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  impolitic 不明智的
    apolitical adj.不關心政治的
      political a.政治的
      politically ad.政治上地
      politician n.政治家,政客
      politicize vi.搞政治 vt.使具有政治性
      politics n.政治,政治學;政綱,政見

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?? p破.062.penk?e:五指戳拳 Five. (根: quint, pent, fif, fing, quinqu, punch, fist, fiv, meter, fin). Five.
Derivatives include five, Pentecost, quintessence, finger, and foist.

1. Basic form *penk^we.
   1. Assimilated form *pempe.
      1. 1. from Old English fīf, five, with derivative fīftig, fifty (-tēne, ten; see dekm? );
                  five  num.五pron./a.五(個，只...)
                  fifty num.五十，五十個
         2. from Old High German finf, funf, five. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *fimf.
                  fin    n.鰭,魚翅
      2. 1. from Old English fīftēne, fifteen;
                  fifteen num.十五pron./a.十五(個，只...)
         2. from Old Norse fimmtān, fifteen. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic compound *fimftehun, fifteen (*tehun, ten; see dekm? ).
                  femto- 毫微微：千萬億分之一(10-15)：
   2. Assimilated form *k^wenk^we.
      1. from Latin quīnque, five;
               cinquain 五行詩：一種五行的詩書
               cinque 五點：紙牌或骰子中的數字五
               quinque- 五：
               cinquecento 16世紀意大利文藝：16世紀，特指意大利藝術和文學中的16世紀
               cinquefoil n.洋莓屬的一種，五葉形的裝飾，梅花形,五指草,五瓣飾
               quincunx 梅花形五點排列：將五個物體分別安排在一個長方形或正方形的四個邊角和一個中心里
      2. from Latin distributive quīnī, five each;
               keno 基諾：一種賭博游戲，與抽數碼賭戲類似，只是用計算器代替球
               quinate 五個一組的：被安排成五個一組的：
      3. from Latin compound quīndecim, fifteen (decem, ten; see dekm? );
               quincea?era
               quindecennial 每十五年發生一次的
      4. from Latin quīngentī, five hundred.
               quincentenary 五百周年紀念
   3. from Greek pente, five.
            penta- 五
            pentad 五個一組
            penstemon n.釣鐘柳，元參屬植物
            pentagon 五邊形
      pentameter 五音步詩行
            pentathlon 五項全能運動
   4. from Sanskrit pa?ca, five.
            punch n.沖壓機,沖床;穿孔機v.沖壓,穿孔
            pachisi 25點游戲：古代印度的游戲，類似于十五子棋，但用瑪瑙貝代替骰子
2. Compound *penk^we-(d)konta, "five tens," fifty (*-(d)konta, group of ten; see dekm?).
   1. from Latin quīnquāgintā, fifty.
            quinquagenarian 五十歲的人：五十歲的人、或處于五十歲至六十歲之間的人
            Quinquagesima 圣灰瞻禮前的星期日
   2. from Greek pentēkonta, fifty.
            Pentecost 五旬節，圣靈降臨節
            pinxter flower 粉紅杜鵑花：一種生在美國東南的落葉灌木（杜鵑花屬{ }似裸花杜鵑） ，長有漏斗型粉紅或紫色花冠和葉子長出以前開的花
3. Ordinal adjective *penk^w-to?.
   1. from Old English fīfta, fifth, from Germanic *fimftōn?.
            fifth a.第五的
   2. from Latin quīntus (< *quinc-tos), feminine quīnta, fifth.
            quint n.五度音，五胞胎
            quintain 矛靶：立柱或安置在立柱上的物體，用作持矛沖刺練習中的目標
            quintet 五重奏
            quintile 五分位值
            quintessence 第五要素，精華，精髓
            quintillion 千的六次冪：基數等于1018
            quintuple 五倍
4. Suffixed form *penk^w-ro?. from Old English finger, finger, from Germanic *fingwraz, finger (< "one of five").
         finger n.手指;指狀物;指針
5. Suffixed reduced zero-grade form *pn?k-sti?.
   1. from Old English f?st, fist;
            fist  n.拳頭vt.用拳頭打；緊握
   2. from Dutch vuist, fist. Both a and b from Germanic *funhstiz.
            foist 強加

[Pokorny penk^u?e 808, pn?ksti? 839.]

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→4486 : penku?e 五，五 five, fifth
→4543 : pn?ksti- 拳頭 fist ;?算_12 ;?身_33

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      pentastich 五行詩：由五行組成的詩或詩節
      Pentateuch 《五經》：希伯來圣經首五卷

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      fifteenth num.第十五
      quintessential adj.精髓的,典型的
      fifths adj.第五 n.五分之一( fifth的名詞復數 )
      fives 英式墻手球
      fiftieth n.第五十,五十分之一 adj.第五十的,五十分之一的
      pentagonal adj.五角的，五邊形的
      puncher n.打印機，穿孔者,穿孔機,鑿孔機,沖床
      fingering n.用指摸弄,撫弄,捻弄,用指彈奏
      fingerless 無指的，失去指的
forefinger n.食指
      fistful n.一撮,一把

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?? 飛.063.pent-:腳走尋找 To tread, go. (根: pont, found, find, pad, path, punt, pat). To tread, go.
Derivatives include find, pontiff, and sputnik.

1. from Old English findan, to find, from Germanic *finthan, to come upon, discover.
         find  v.(found,found)找到；發現；發覺；感到
2. Suffixed o-grade form *pont-i?.
   1. from Latin pōns (stem pont?), bridge (earliest meaning, "way, passage," preserved in the priestly title pontifex, "he who prepares the way"; -fex, maker; see dhē- );
            pons 橋
            pontifex 大祭司：古羅馬最高祭司會議中的一個人
            pontiff 教皇，宗座
            pontine 橋的：橋的，與橋梁有關的
            pontoon 浮橋，浮碼頭
            punt  n.平底船,撐船,[足][橄]踢懸空球(球未落地前踢出) v.踢凌空球
      osteopontin 骨橋蛋白
      transpontine 在橋那邊的
   2. from Russian sputnik, fellow traveler, sputnik, from put', path, way.
            sputnik 人造地球衛星
3. Zero-grade form *pn?t?. from Greek patein, to tread, walk.
   peripatetic 巡回工作的，流動的
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *pn?t-??.
   1. from Old English p?th, path;
            path  n.小路,小徑;路線,軌道
   2. from Middle Dutch pad, way, path. Both a and b from Germanic *patha?, way, path, probably borrowed (? via Scythian) from Iranian *path?.
            pad    n.墊,襯墊;便箋簿v.加上襯墊
      footpad n.（徒步的）攔路賊,墊套式支腳

[Pokorny pent? 808.]

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→4487 : pent- 走，走，走，墊，踏；路，路 to go, walk, pad, tread; way, path ;?行_45, ?行_47, ?行_72

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      punter n.用篙撐船的人,船夫
      pontificate 目空一切的言論
      finder n.探測器,發現者
      finding n.發現,發現物;(常pl.)調查/研究結果
      found vt.建立;創立;創辦;使有根據;鑄造;熔制
      foundation n.基礎,根本,建立,創立;地基,基金,基金會
      founder n.創始人，創辦人
  unfounded adj.沒有理由的,未建立的
      pontifical 教皇的，宗座的
      paths 名詞path的復數形式. n. 小路；軌跡；射程；軋輥型縫
      padding n.填料

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?? 汽.064.per1:前沖先到 Base of prepositions and preverbs : forward, through, (根: pro, prim, prov, priv, for, prob, per, pre, par, princ, furn, pries, prior, ford, fram, far, fra, prem, prid, fur, proof). Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of "forward," "through," and a wide range of extended senses such as "in front of," "before," "early," "first," "chief," "toward," "against," "near," "at," "around."
Derivatives include far, paradise, afford, first, protein, veneer, probe, privy, pristine, and priest.

1. Basic form *per and extended form *peri.
   1. 1. from Middle High German vereinen, to unite, from Old High German far?;
               turnverein 體育俱樂部：體操運動員或體操表演者的俱樂部
      2. from Yiddish farklemmen, to clamp, choke up, from Middle High German verklemmen, from Old High German far?;
               farklempt
      3. from Middle Dutch vieren, to let out, slacken;
               veer vi.轉向,(風向)順(時針)轉 vt.使轉向,放出(錨) n.轉向,方向的轉變
      4. Germanic compound *fer-getan (see ghend-);
      5. from Middle Dutch verrompelen, to wrinkle. a-d all from Germanic *fer?, *far?, used chiefly as an intensive prefix denoting destruction, reversal, or completion.
               frump 衣著老式的女子
   2. Suffixed (comparative) form *per-ero?, farther away. from Old English feor(r), far, from Germanic *fer(e)ra.
            far    a./ad.遠，久遠，遙遠ad.到…程度，…得多
   3. from Latin per, through, for, by.
            per    prep.每;經,由
            per-  通過，完全的，整個的，表強調
            paramount 往上越過adj.最重要的，主要的；至高無上的n.最高統治者
            paramour 情婦
            parget 粗灰泥：一種用于涂抹墻和在煙囪上勾印的混合物，比如灰漿或粗灰泥
            parterre 花壇
            parvenu 暴發戶，新貴
   4. from Greek peri, around, near, beyond.
            peri- 在周圍，在附近
            perissodactyl 奇蹄的：有奇數個腳趾的
   5. 1. from Sanskrit pari?, couch;
               pantoum 潘頓詩體：一種四行詩，第二、四韻在接著的四行中作為第一、三韻重復浮現
               puggree 頭巾：纏繞在禮帽或遮陽帽帽冠周圍的布條或三角巾
      2. from Avestan pairi?, around;
               paradise n.天堂
      3. from Old Persian pari, around, over;
               bard 游吟詩人
               purdah （某些穆斯林婦女不見外男的）內房制度
      4. Old Iranian compound *pari-vāraka? (see wer-⁴). a-d all from Indo-Iranian *pari?, around.
   6. from Old Russian pere?, around, again, from Slavic *per?.
            perestroika n.（蘇聯經濟與政治體制的）改革,調整,政治經濟重建的
2. Zero-grade form *pr??.
   1. 1. from Old English for, before, instead of, on account of;
               for    prep.為了；給；代替；向；支持conj.因為?
      2. from Old English for?, prefix denoting destruction, pejoration, exclusion, or completion. Both a and b from Germanic *fur, before, in.
               for-  極度，過分地：完全地；過分地，尤其指具有破壞或損害作用：
   2. Extended form *pr?t?. from Old English forth, from Germanic *furth?, forward.
            forth ad.向前；向外，往外
         afford vt.擔負得起(損失、費用、后果等)，買得起
   3. Suffixed (comparative) form *pr?-tero?. from Old English furthra, furthor, farther away, from Germanic *furthera?.
            further ad./a.更遠,更往前;進一步v.促進,增進
   4. 1. Compound *pr?-st-i? or *por-st-i?, with o-grade form *por? (see stā-);
      2. from Latin por?, forth, forward. Both a and b from Latin por? from *pr??.
               porrect 向水平伸長的：突出的或前伸的；延伸的，尤指向前延伸的：
   5. Suffixed form *pr?-sōd. from Latin porrō, forward.
            parget 粗灰泥：一種用于涂抹墻和在煙囪上勾印的混合物，比如灰漿或粗灰泥
3. Extended zero-grade form *pr???.
   1. Suffixed (superlative) form *pr??-mo?.
      1. from Old English forma, first, from Germanic *fruma?, *furma?;
               former a.以前的,在前的pron.前者
      2. from Old English formest, first, from Germanic *frumista?, *furmista?;
               foremost a.最重要的,最初的
      3. Latin compound prandium, "first meal," late breakfast, lunch (probably < *prām-d-ium < *pr??m-(e)d-yo?; second element *-(e)d?, to eat; see ed-).
   2. Suffixed (superlative) form *pr??-isto?. from Old English fyrst, fyrest, first, from Germanic *furista?, foremost.
            first a./ad.第一；最初;首次n.開始pron.第一名
   3. Suffixed form *pr??-wo?.
      1. from Greek prōira, forward part of a ship, from analogically suffixed form *prōw-arya;
               prow  ①船首②勇敢的
      2. from Greek prōtos, first, foremost, from suffixed (superlative) form *prōw-ato?. Both a and b from Greek *prōwo?, first, foremost.
               protein n.蛋白質
               protist n.原生生物
               proto- 時間上最先的；最早的：
               proton 基本粒子:n.質子
   4. Suffixed form *pr??-i. from Latin arepennis, half-acre (second element obscure), from Gaulish ari (combining form are?), before, from Celtic *(p)ari, *are.
            arpent 阿邦：法國一種丈量土地的單位，尤指用于加拿大部分地區和美國南部的測量單位，約等于0.4公頃（0.85英畝）
4. Extended form *pr??ā?.
   1. 1. from Old English fore, for, before;
               fore  a.在前的.n.前頭,船頭
               fore- 在…之前；較早：
               forefather n.祖先,祖宗
      2. from Old High German fora, before;
               vorlage 前傾：滑雪中的一種姿式，滑雪者從踝部向前傾，通常不提腳跟
      3. from Old English beforan, before, from Germanic prefixed and suffixed form *bi-fora-na, in the front (*bi?, at, by; see ambhi ). a-c all from Germanic *fura, before.
           before prep.(指時間)在…以前,在..前面，在..之前
   2. from Greek para, beside, alongside of, beyond.
            para- 在旁，在周圍，輔助，準，超過，相反，保護，防御
            palfrey 騎用的馬；婦女騎用的小馬
   3. from Sanskrit purā, before.
            Purana 往世書：梵文的經典百科全書，包括其宇宙開辟的歷史、英雄與神的傳奇和其它傳統數據
5. Extended form *prō?.
   1. 1. from Old Norse frā, from, from Germanic *fra, forward, away from;
               frae  從…
               fro 副詞
               froward 弗得角：南美洲大陸最南端，在智利南部的麥哲倫海峽
      2. Germanic *fra?, completely, in compounds (see ed-, aik-).
   2. Suffixed form *prō?-mo?.
      1. from Old English fram, forward, from, from Germanic *fram, from;
               frame n.框架;體格;骨架;組織;機構v.設計;制定
               from prep.從，自從；由于；離；根據，按；去除
      2. from Old French f(o)urnir, to supply, provide, from Germanic derivative verb *frumjan, to further, from Germanic *frum, forward;
               furnish v.供應,提供;裝備,布置
               furniture n.家具
               veneer n.薄板,單板,膠合板,飾面,外表,虛飾 vt.鑲飾,膠合,虛飾
      3. from Czech prám, raft.
               pram 嬰兒車
   3. Suffixed form *prō-wo?.
      1. 1. from Old High German frouwa, lady;
                  Frau  太太：在說德語的地區用于已結婚的女人的姓或職業稱呼之前的禮貌稱呼
                  Fr?ulein 縮寫 [Frl.]小姐：在說德語的地區置于未婚婦女或女孩的姓名前的禮貌稱呼
         2. from Old Norse freyja, lady. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *frōwō?, lady, lengthened-grade feminine of *frawan?; lord.
                  Freya 弗雷娜：古斯堪的納維亞愛與美的女神；弗雷的姐妹
      2. from Old Norse Freyr, from Germanic *frawa?, alteration of *frawan?. lord;
               Frey 弗雷：古斯堪的納維亞神，掌管和平、好天氣、富裕和充裕的糧食；弗雷娜的兄弟
      3. form *prō-wo?, independently created in Slavic. from Old Church Slavonic prav?, true.
               naprapathy 推拿療法：用關節、肌肉和韌帶的處理手法來治療疾病，基于堅信許多疾病由結締組織的移位而引起
   4. from Latin prō, prō??, before, for, instead of.
            pride n.自豪;自滿；引以自豪的東西v.使自豪
            pro    adv.正面地 (英國)檔案局 PRO(Public Record Office)
            pro-  在前，向前，擁護，支持，傾向，親
            prodigality 浪費，揮霍
            proud a.(of)自豪的;引以自豪的;妄自尊大的
            prowess n.威力
        improve v.改善,改進,增進;好轉,進步
            purchase v.買,購買n.購買的物品
   5. Suffixed form *prō-no?. from Latin prōnus, leaning forward.
            prone a.易于…的,很可能…的
   6. Possible suffixed form *pro-ko?. from Latin compound reciprocus, alternating, "backward and forward" (*re-ko?, backward; see re- ).
      reciprocal adj.互惠的,相應的,倒數的,彼此相反的 n.倒數,互相起作用的事物
   7. Suffixed adverb *pro-k^we.
      1. from Latin prope, near;
           approach v.靠近，接近n.接近；途徑，入門;方式,方法
          rapprochement 再次接近n.友好；恢復邦交；友善關系的建立
            reproach 帶過來罵:n.責備，恥辱vt.責備，申斥
      2. suffixed form *prok^w-ink^wo?. from Latin propinquus, near;
               propinquity 臨近，接近
      3. suffixed (superlative) form *prok^w-isamo?. from Latin proximus, nearest.
               proximate 最接近的，最臨近的
           approximate a.近似的vi.(to)接近
   8. Compound *pro-bhw-o?, growing well or straightforward (*bhw-o?, to grow; see bheu?-). from Latin probus, upright, good, virtuous.
            probable a.很可能的,大概的;有希望的,可能的
            probe n.探針,探測器v.(以探針等)探查,穿刺,查究
            probity 正直，誠實
            proof n.證據,證明;校樣,樣張
            prove v.證明,證實;檢驗;考驗;鑒定;結果是,表明是
        approve v.(of)贊成，贊許，同意；批準，審議，通過
        improbity 邪惡；不正直
         reprove 責備，非難
   9. from Greek pro, before, in front, forward.
            pro-  在前，向前，擁護，支持，傾向，親
   10. Suffixed (comparative) form *pro-tero?. from Greek proteros, before, former.
       hysteron proteron 倒裝法：一種把自然的或合理的次序顛倒過來的修辭手法，比如在{bred and born} 中，而不是 {born and bred}
             Proterozoic 原生代的，元古代的：前寒武紀兩個時期中的后一個時期的，屬于這個時期的，在這個時期的在這個時期海綿、海洋蠕蟲和其它形式的海洋生命出現
   11. from Sanskrit pra?, before, forth.
             Prakrit 普拉克利特語：從公元前 3世紀至 公元 4世紀所記載的一種印度方言和文字，與梵文相對
   12. Celtic *ro?, intensive prefix. from Old Irish roar, enough, from Celtic compound *ro-wero?, sufficiency (*-wero?, from root *wer?, also the source of Old Irish feraid, he supplies, provides).
             galore adv.很多,大量的，豐富的 n.豐富，充足 adj.豐富的
6. Extended forms *prai?, *prei?.
   1. 1. from Latin prae, before;
               pre-  在前，先于，預先
               preterism 前基督教
               preterit 過去時的：描繪過去的動作或狀態的動詞時態的，和這種時態有關的
      2. compound *prai-ghes-to? (see ghes-).
   2. Suffixed (comparative) form *prei-yos?. from Latin prior, former, higher, superior.
            prior a.優先的,在前的;(to)在…之前
   3. Suffixed form *prei-wo?.
      1. from Latin prīvus, single, alone (< "standing in front," "isolated from others");
               private a.私人的,個人的,秘密的,私下的
               privilege n.特權,優惠,特許v.給予優惠,給予特權
               privity 默契；私下知悉；參與秘密
               privy adj.私人的；不公開的；秘密參與的n.有利害關系的人；廁所
           deprive vt.使喪失，剝奪
      2. from Latin proprius, one's own, particular (< prōprīvō, in particular, from the ablative of prīvus, single; prō, for; see V. 4.).
          proper a.適合的;合乎體統的;固有的;有禮貌的
          property n.財產,資產,地產,房地產,所有物;性質,特性
           appropriate a.適當的,恰當的,特有的vt.撥給,挪用,盜用
           expropriate 征用
               proprioception n.本體感受
               proprioceptor 本體感受器：一種感受器，主要在肌肉、腱關節和內耳中找到通過對有權體內產生的刺激反應來察覺身體或肢節的運動或位置
               proprium 適論：在亞里士多德的思想中，某類所有成員可斷定具有的共通特性，但該特性又無法成為該類的釋義構成
   4. Extended form *preis?.
      1. Suffixed (superlative) form *preis-mo?.
         1. from Latin prīmus (< *prīsmus; ablative plural prīmīs), first, foremost;
                  premier adj.第一的，最初的n.首相，總理
                  primal adj.原始的，最初的，主要的
                  primary a.最初的,初級的;首要的,主要的,基本的
                  primate 首要的:adj.首要的，靈長目動物的n.靈長目動物，大主教，首領
                  prime a.首要的;最好的,第一流的n.青春,全盛期
                  primitive a.原始的,遠古的,早期的;粗糙的,簡單的
                  primo n.第一，首先
                  primus 常作 Primus 首席主教：蘇格蘭主教中職位最高者
              imprimis 首先；第一
                  primavera n.白桃花心木（中美洲出產的一種樹木或其木材）
                  primeval adj.原始的，初期的
                  primipara 初孕婦：第一次懷孕的婦女
                  primogenitor 始祖；祖先
                  primogeniture 長子身份
                  primordial 第一順序的:adj.原始的；本初的；根本的；原生的
         2. from Latin compound prīnceps, "he who takes first place," leader, chief, emperor (-ceps,"-taker"; see kap- ).
                  prince n.王子,親王
                  principal a.最重要的,主要的n.負責人,校長;資本,本金
                  principle n.原理,原則;主義,信念
      2. suffixed form *preis-tano?. from Latin prīstinus, former, earlier, original.
               pristine a.質樸的,原始的
7. Extended form *pres? in compound *pres-g^wu?, "going before" (*g^w-u?, going; see g^wā-). from Greek presbus, old, old man, elder.
         presbyter 長老（指長老教制會中的教徒領袖）
         Prester John 祭司王約翰：傳說中的中世紀基督教牧師兼國王，據傳他在遠東或埃塞俄比亞地區統治著一個基督教王國
         priest n.教士,神父
         presbyopia n.老花眼，遠視眼,老視
8. Extended form *proti. from Greek pros, against, toward, near, at.
         pros- 前綴，表“靠近”；“朝著”：

[Pokorny 2. A. per 810.]
Other possibly related forms are grouped under per-², per-³, per-⁴, per-⁵.

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→4489 : 2a. per- 越過 to pass over/beyond ;?行_11, ?行_54

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      farther ad.更遠地,再往前地a.更遠的
      forego vt.(在位置時間或程度方面)走在...之前,居先
      forehead n.前額;(任何事物的)前部
      foremast n.前桅
      Freyja [Freya]的變體
      frumple
      palanquin n.轎子，肩輿
      percurrent 及頂的：屬于或關于伸到葉頂的葉子中脈的
      perigee 近地點
      perihelion n.近日點
      perinephrium 腎周膜：腎臟周圍的結締組織和脂肪膜
      periostracum 角質層：許多軟體動物，尤指淡水軟體動物身體硬殼外包的一層物質，用以防止殼受水的侵蝕作用
      periproct 圍肛部：某些無脊椎動物肛門的周圍部分，如棘皮動物
      peripteral 有圍柱的：各面都有一根或一排柱子的
      perplexed adj.困惑的,不知所措的
      praedial 土地的：與土地有關的，包含土地的或擁有土地的；土地的
      praeter-
      prescience n.預知，先見,前科學
      prescient adj.預知的，有先見之明的
      proctor 考官，監考人員
      procurator 代表，管家，代理人，發言人，地方行政長官
      procure 為某種目的而關注:v.(想方設法)獲得，取得，導致
      prodigal 揮霍的
      proglottid 節片：絳蟲的段節之一，其中包括雌雄生殖器官
      prosciutto n.意大利熏火腿（切成薄片，常與甜瓜或無花果配成一道菜）
      prosopography 人學：經常使用統計的一種研究，這種研究確定和勾畫在某一歷史的、社會的或文學的背景中各種人之間關系：
      prostyle 前柱式的：只有前面有一排排圓柱的，比如在某些希臘神殿中
      prothallus 原葉體：一種由孢子萌發產生的小而平面脆弱的結構，帶有生殖器官它是蕨類和其它一些植物的配子體
      protoctist 原生物：任何一種單細胞原生生物和作為它們后代的多細胞有機體，在大多數現代分類系統中將它分為一個單獨的界
      protuberance n.突起,瘤，結節
      protuberate 隆起或鼓起
      provenance comingforth(出來):n.出處，起源
      provenience n.起源，出處

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      preterite n.過去式，過去時態 adj.過去時態的
  improvement n.改進,進步,增進;改進措施
unimproved adj.（土地）未加改良的，未耕種的
      proudly ad.驕傲地
      frumpy adj.心地不良的，不見世面的
      furtherance n.促進
   affordable adj.負擔得起的
   affordably adv.不太昂貴地
      formerly ad.從前,以前
      firstly adv.第一,首先
      framer n.制定者，創作者
      framing n.構架, 框架, 骨架, 構架系統
      furnished adj.家具的，有家具的
      furnishing n.供給(裝備),家具,室內陳設
      prideful adj.自傲的，高傲的
      pros  abbr. prosecutor 起訴人；prosecuting 起訴；professionals 自由職業者；proscenium （舞臺）前部； n. 抵償物；贊成的意見；交換物；贊成的理由
      proneness n.俯伏，傾向
reciprocally adv.相互地，相反地
reciprocity n.互惠
  approachability n.可接近，易接近,可接近性
  approachable adj.可親近的,可接近的
unapproachable adj.冷漠的,不易親近的,無與倫比的,（指地方）無法接近的
irreproachable 無可指責的
   reproachful adj.責備的，斥責的
   reproachfully adv.責備地
  approximately adv.近似地，大約,許
  approximation n.近似法；接近；近似值
  improbability n.不大可能的事物，未必有的事
  improbable a.不大可能的,不像會發生的,似不可信的
  improbably adv.未必然地，不像真實地
      probabilistic 基于概率的
      probability n.可能性；機率；[數]或然率
      probably ad.大概,或許,很可能
 disprove vt.反駁，證明…是虛假的
      provable adj.可證明的，可證實的
  approval n.批準，通過；贊成，同意
  approving adj.滿意的
  approvingly adv.贊成地，認可地
disapproval n.不贊成
disapprove v.不贊成
disapprovingly adv.不以為然地，不贊成地，非難地
   reprovingly adv.責備地，挑剔地
      prioritize vt.把...區分優先次序
      priority n.先,前;優先,重點,優先權
      privacy n.隱私；秘密；隱居；隱居處
      privately ad.秘密,一個人,私下地
      privatization 計 私有化
      privatize vt.使私有化；使歸私有
  deprivation 剝奪；損失；免職；匱乏；貧困
  deprived adj.缺少食物的；缺乏足夠教育的
improper adj.不正確的，不適當的，不合禮儀的
 properly ad.適當地,正確地
  appropriateness 適當，適合
  appropriation n.撥款，挪用
misappropriate 私吞，挪用
misappropriation 經 侵吞，挪用，濫用,私吞
  expropriation n.征用，征收，收用
      premiership n.總理,首相之職位與任期
      primarily ad.主要地,起初地
      primacy n.首位，卓越，大主教的職位
      primed 待發的
      primer n.初級讀物，識字課本，原始物
      priming n.雷管,裝填物,起爆藥,底漆
      primitivism 原始主義，尚古主義
      princely 巨額的，龐大的
      principality 王公治理的國家，公國，侯國
      principally adv.主要地；大部分
      presbytery 長老會（蘇格蘭國教）
      priesthood n.教士,僧侶,神父
      priestly adj.僧的,僧侶似的
      palanquin n.轎子，肩輿

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?? 汽.065.per-2:牽引碼頭 To lead, pass over. of per1. (根: port, portun, far, por, fer, petr, petri, porch, pie). To lead, pass over. A verbal root belonging to the group of per¹.
Derivatives include fjord, welfare, emporium, opportune, important, and sport.

1. Full-grade form *per?.
   1. Suffixed form *per-tu?. from Old Norse fj?rdhr, an inlet, estuary, from Germanic *ferthuz, place for crossing over, ford.
            firth 狹長海灣
            fjord 海灣
   2. Suffixed form *per-onā?. from Greek peronē, pin of a brooch, buckle (< "that which pierces through").
            peroneal adj.腓骨的，腓側的
   3. Suffixed form *per-yo?. from Greek peirein, to pierce.
            diapir 底辟作用：在背斜褶曲內的可活動巖核（如鹽或石膏），穿透覆于其上的較脆的巖層
   4. Suffixed form *per-trā?. from Greek petrā, cliff, rock (dissimilated from *pertrā?), with possible earlier meaning "bedrock" (< "what one comes through to").
            petro- 巖石的，石油的
            petrous 巖石的
            pier  n.碼頭,(橋)墩
            parsley n.[植]歐芹
            petrify 使石化，驚呆
            petroleum n.石油
            saltpeter 硝石，硝酸鉀
   5. Suffixed form *per-wr?, *per-wn??, bedrock, "a coming through, what one comes through to," and derived adjective *per-wn?-to?, rocky. from Sanskrit parvata?, mountain.
            Parvati 巴瓦娣：濕婆神之妻同時也是萬物之母戴維女神的仁慈化身
2. O-grade form *por?.
   1. 1. 1. from Old English faran, to go on a journey, get along;
                  fare  n.車費,船費;伙食;乘客v.過活;進展;經營
             warfare n.戰爭,作戰,沖突,競爭
            wayfarer 旅行者
            wayfaring 徒步旅行：旅行，尤指徒步旅行
             welfare n.福利；幸福；福利事業
         2. from Old English feldeware, possibly altered by folk etymology in Old English from an earlier *feldefare, from *fare, a goer, from faran (see (i) above).
            fieldfare 北歐鶇鳥：一種東半球大陸的鶇鳥（田鶇） ，長有灰色和紅棕色的羽毛
      2. from Old High German faran, to go, travel;
               gaberdine 粗布長袍：尤指中世紀猶太人穿的一種質地粗糙的長披風也作 [gabardine]
      3. from Old Norse fara, to go, move. a-c all from Germanic *faran, to go.
               fartlek 健身跑，瘦身跑：為運動訓練技巧，特別是跑步運動中，在連續的鍛煉中，一些時段的劇烈運動與較不劇烈的運動交替進行
   2. Suffixed form *por-o?, passage, journey. from Greek poros, journey, passage.
            pore  n.氣孔；小孔
          aporia 自相矛盾
       emporium 大型商城
            poromeric 通氣性強的塑料：幾種粗糙的多孔的皮革代用品
   3. Suffixed (causative) form *por-eyo?, to cause to go, lead, conduct.
      1. from Old English ferian, to transport, from Germanic *farjan, to ferry;
               ferry n.擺渡,渡船,渡口 vt.渡運,(乘渡船)渡過,運送 vi.擺渡,(船)來往行駛
      2. from Sanskrit pārayati, pālayati, he leads across, brings to safety.
               guar abbr.guaranteed 有保證的,有擔保的,guaranty 保證,pyt guarantee of payment 付
               wallah 從事某工作的人
   4. Lengthened-grade form *pōr?.
      1. from Old English (ge)fēra, "fellow-traveler," companion (ge?, together, with; see kom ), from Germanic suffixed form *fōr-ja?;
               fere  伙伴
      2. from Old High German fuoren, to lead, from Germanic suffixed (causative) form *fōr-jan.
               führer 暴君：領袖，尤指實行暴政者
   5. Possibly suffixed form *por-no?, feather, wing (< "that which carries a bird in flight").
      1. from Old English fearn, fern (having feathery fronds), from Germanic *farnō, feather, leaf;
               fern  n.蕨類植物
      2. from Sanskrit par?am, leaf, feather.
               paan 檳榔,帕恩
3. Zero-grade form *pr??.
   1. Suffixed form *pr?-tu?, passage.
      1. from Old English ford, shallow place where one may cross a river, from Germanic *furdu?;
               ford n.淺灘.v.徒涉
      2. from Latin portus, harbor (< "passage").
               port  n.港口
           importune 糾纏
           opportune 適當的，有機會的
         passport n.護照,達到某種目的的手段
   2. Suffixed form *pr?-tā?. from Latin porta, gate.
            porch n.門廊,走廊
            portal n.大門，入口
            portcullis 鐵閘門，吊閘
            porter n.守門人,門房,行李搬運工,服務員
            portico 門廊
            porttière 門簾：懸掛于門口的厚重的簾子
            portulaca 半枝蓮：任一種馬齒莧屬 的肉質植物，尤指南美的 大花馬齒莧 ，因其絢麗多彩的花朵而種植，花朵只在陽光下開放 也作 [rose moss]
            purslane n.馬齒莧
   3. Suffixed (denominative) form *pr?-to?. from Latin portāre, to carry.
            portable a.輕便的,手提(式)的,可移動的
            portage 陸上搬運
            portamento 滑音：尤指嗓音發出的或一弓弦樂器奏出的從一個音調到另一個音調的平滑連續的滑動音
            portative 易攜帶的
      comport 舉止
        deport vt.驅逐出境，放逐；舉止
        export v./n.輸出,出口n.出口商品
        import v./n.進口,輸入,(pl.)進口商品;要旨,含意
        important a.重要的,重大的;有地位的,有權力的
            portfolio 攜帶紙張(的東西):n.公文包，文件夾，證券投資組合，部長職務
       purport 帶到前面n.意圖，主旨，意義vt.意圖，打算，聲稱，意指
       rapport 帶回來n.默契，密切關系，交往，和諧一致
         report n./v.報告,匯報;傳說,傳閱
          sport n.(體育)運動(pl.)運動會vi.開玩笑；玩耍
      support n./vt.支撐;支持;贍養;維持n.支持者;支柱
      transport v.運輸,運送,搬運n.運輸;運輸系統,運載工具

[Pokorny 2. B. per 816.]

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→4490 : 2b. per-, per?- 乘船、渡船、運輸、轉運 to fare, ferry, transport, go/carry over ;?行_54, ?行_61

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      pan n.平底鍋,盤子,面板

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      porosity 孔隙率
      porous adj.多孔滲水的；能滲透的；有氣孔的
  importunate 糾纏不休的
inopportune 不合適宜的
  opportunism 機會主義
  opportunist 機會主義者
  opportunistic a.機會主義的,投機取巧的
  opportunity n.機會
      portability n.可攜帶，輕便
comportment n.舉動，行為
  deportation n.驅逐出境；放逐
  deportee n.被放逐者，被判充軍的人
  deportment 舉止，風度
  exportable adj.可輸出的，適于輸出的
  exportation n.出口
  exporter n.出口商,輸出者，輸出國
  importation n.進口，輸入品
  importance n.重要,重要性
  importantly adv.重要地
self-importance n.自大，自視過高
self-important adj.高傲的，妄自尊大的
 purported adj.傳說的,謠傳的
 purportedly adv.據稱
   reportable adj.可報告的，值得報告的
   reportage 報道文體
   reportedly ad.據傳說,據傳聞
   reporter n.報告人,通訊員;記者,報導者
    sporting adj.運動的,喜愛運動的,公平的
    sportive adj.嬉戲著的,歡鬧的,開玩笑的,運動的
    sports 名詞sport的復數形式. n. 運動； adj. 運動的，適合運動的
insupportable 忍耐不住的，不能忍受的
self-supporting adj.（指人）自食其力的,自給
supportable adj.可支持的，可援助的，可忍耐的
supporter n.支持者，擁護者
supportive adj.支持的；支援的；贊助的
transportable adj.可運輸的 n.便攜式電視機（或計算機）
transportation n.運輸(工具、系統)
transporter n.輸送人，運輸機

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?? 汽.066.per-3:撲冒風險 To try, risk (< to lead over, press forward ). (根: peri, fear, pert, pir). To try, risk (< "to lead over," "press forward"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per¹.

1. Lengthened grade *pēr?. from Old English f?r, danger, sudden calamity, from Germanic *fēraz, danger.
         fear  n.害怕，恐懼；危險vt.畏懼，害怕，擔心
2. Suffixed form *perī-tlo?. from Latin perīclum, perīculum, trial, danger.
         parlous 危險的，動蕩的
         peril 冒險嘗試:n.危險；冒險vt.危及；置…于險境
3. Suffixed form *per-yo?. from Latin experīrī, to try, learn by trying (ex?, from; see eghs ).
     experience n./vt.經驗;經歷;體驗;閱歷
     experiment n.實驗;試驗v.(on)進行實驗;做試驗
     expert n.專家,能手a.熟練的,有經驗的;專門的
4. Suffixed form *per-ya. from Greek peira, trial, attempt.
         pirate 攻擊者:n.海盜；盜版；侵犯專利權者vt.掠奪；翻??；剽竊vi.做海盜；從事劫掠
    empiric n.經驗主義者，<古>江湖醫生

[Pokorny 2. E. per 818.]

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→4493 : 2e. per- 冒險，冒險，嘗試；冒險，危險 to dare, risk, try; peril, danger ;?情_51, ?情_54

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      fearful a.可怕的，嚇人的；害怕，擔心，驚恐
      fearfully adv.可怕地,害怕地,<口>非常,極為
      fearfulness n.可怕，厲害
      fearless a.不怕的,無畏的
      fearlessness n.無畏，勇敢
      fearsome a.可怕的
      perilous adj.危險的，冒險的
  experienced adj.老練的，熟練的；富有經驗的
  experiential adj.經驗的；經驗上的；根據經驗的
inexperience n.缺乏經驗,不熟練,未熟
inexperienced adj.無經驗的,不熟練的
  experimental a.實驗(性)的,試驗(性)的
  experimentalism n.經驗主義
  experimentally adv.實驗（性）地,實際上，實際證明，通過實驗,用實驗方法
  experimentation n.實驗，實驗法，實驗過程
  experimenter n.實驗者
  expertise n.專門知識；專門技術；專家的意見
inexpert 不熟練的
inexpertly 不熟練的；非內行的
      piracy n.海盜行為,侵犯版權,非法翻印 盜版
      piratical adj.剽竊的，海盜的，盜版的

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?? 汽.067.per-4:撞擊擠壓 To strike. A verbal root belonging to the group of per?. (根: press, print, prim, pre, pri). To strike. A verbal root belonging to the group of per¹.

Extended forms *prem?, *pres?.
      pregnant a.懷孕的,孕育的,充滿的,意味深長的
      press v.壓;壓榨;緊迫,催促n.報刊,通訊社;壓榨機
      pressure n.壓,壓力,壓迫,強制,緊迫,困苦,困難
      print n.印刷,印刷品,字體v.印刷,出版;洗印
  appressed 平貼著，緊貼著：平躺著或緊緊地貼向某種東西的，如某些植物莖上的須
      après 在…之后：在…之后。常用于復合詞：
compress vt.壓緊，壓縮；(把思想、文字等)濃縮
  depress v.壓抑,降低;使沮喪,壓下
  espresso n.(蒸汽加壓煮出的)濃咖啡
  express v.表達,表示a.特快的,快速的n.快車,快運
  impress v.(on)印,蓋印;留下印象,引人注目
  imprimatur 批準，同意
  imprint n.印記；痕跡；特征；版本說明vt.加特征；刻上記號
  oppress 對著壓:壓迫，壓抑，使煩惱，使感到沉重
   repress 往后壓:v.抑制，鎮壓，約束
   reprimand n.申斥
   reprisal 反過去抓:n.報復，報復性劫掠
   reprise 重奏，重復
suppress 壓下vt.抑制，鎮壓，廢止 from Latin premere (past participle pressus), to press.

[Pokorny 3. per? 818.]

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→4494 : 3. per-, per-g- 打，殺 to hit, kill ;?身_76, ?工_21

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      pressing adj.緊迫的 v.擠壓
      pressuring 壓力；壓強；施壓；壓迫
      pressurize 催促，逼近
misprint n.印刷錯誤
      printable adj.可印刷的
      printer n.印刷工,打印機
      printing n.印刷,印刷術,[紡]印花
   reprint v.再版
  unprintable adj.不能刊印的，不宜刊印的，猥褻的
compressibility n.可壓縮性
compressible adj.可壓縮的，可壓榨的
compression n.壓縮，濃縮；壓榨，壓迫
compressor n.壓縮機；壓縮物；收縮??；壓迫器
decompress vt.使減壓
decompression n.減壓,解壓
incompressible adj.不能壓縮的
antidepressant 抗抑郁藥
  depressant 抑制劑
  depressed adj.沮喪的；蕭條的；壓低的
  depressing adj.抑壓的,陰沉的,沉悶的
  depressingly adv.令人憂愁地,使人沮喪地,抑壓地,郁悶地
  depression n.沮喪,消沉,蕭條(期)
  depressive adj.抑郁的；壓抑的
  depressor n.抑壓者,抑壓物,（檢驗或手術中用的）壓板,壓器
  expression n.表達;表情;聲調;腔調;榨出;措詞;式;符號
  expressionism 印象主義
  expressionist adj.表現主義的 n.表現派作家
  expressionistic adj.表現主義的，有表現派作風的
  expressionless a.無表情的
  expressive adj.表現的；有表現力的；表達…的
  expressiveness n.表現，表示
  expressly adv.明白地,特別地,清楚地
inexpressible 無法形容的
inexpressibly adv.到不能用語言表達的程度
inexpressive adj.無表情的，無意義的
self-expression n.自我表現,自我表達
  impression n.印象,感想;蓋印,壓痕
  impressionable 易受影響的
  impressionistic adj.僅憑印象的，主觀的
  impressive a.給人深刻印象的,感人的
  imprinting n.胚教，銘記（動物生命早期即起作用的一種學習機能）,印記
  oppression n.壓抑；鎮壓；壓迫手段；沉悶；苦惱
  oppressive adj.壓迫的；沉重的；壓制性的；難以忍受的
  oppressor n.壓制者，壓迫者
   repressed adj.被抑制的，被壓抑的
   repression n.抑制，鎮壓
   repressive adj.抑制的；鎮壓的
suppression n.抑制；鎮壓；壓抑
suppressive adj.抑制的，鎮壓的
suppressor 鎮壓者，壓制者

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?? 汽.068.per-5:傳送賣出 To traffic in, sell (< to hand over, distribute ). (根: preci, pret, pric, prais, porn). To traffic in, sell (< "to hand over," "distribute"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per¹ . Base of two distinct extended roots.

1. Root form *pret?.
   1. from Latin compound inter-pres (stem inter-pret?), go-between, negotiator (inter?, between; see en ).
      interpret vt.解釋,說明;口譯
   2. Suffixed form *pret-yo?. from Latin pretium, price.
            praise v.贊揚,歌頌;表揚n.稱贊,贊美;贊美的話
            precious a.珍貴的,貴重的
            price n.價格,價錢;代價v.標價
        appraise vt.評價，鑒定，估價
        appreciate vt.為...表示感激，感謝；欣賞，賞識，評價
        depreciate 貶值
2. Variant root form *per?? (oldest form *perh₂?). Suffixed form *p(e)r-n-??, with o-grade *por(?)-nā?. from Greek pornē, prostitute, from pernanai, to sell.
         pornography n.色情文學,色情描寫

[In Pokorny 2. C. per 817.]

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interpretable adj.能說明的，能翻譯的，可判斷的
interpretation n.解釋,闡明
interpretative 理解的，解釋的
interpreter n.解釋程序,解釋者,口譯人員,翻譯員,講解員,注釋器
interpretive adj.作為說明的，解釋的
misinterpret vt.曲解,誤解
misinterpretation n.誤解，曲解
reinterpret 重新解釋
reinterpretation 重新解釋，糾正性說明
semiprecious adj.（指寶石）次貴重的，半寶石的
overprice v.將…標價過高，索價過高
      priced adj.附有定價的
      priceless adj.無價的；極貴重的；非常有趣的n.非賣品
      pricey adj.高價的，過分昂貴的
underprice vt.使定價太低； 以低價與…競爭
  appraisal n.評價；估價；估計
  appraiser n.評價者，鑒定者，估價官
  appreciable adj.可感知的，相當可觀的
  appreciably adv.相當大地,明顯地
  appreciation n.欣賞，鑒別；增值；感謝
  appreciative adj.感激的；賞識的；有欣賞力的；承認有價值的
  appreciator n.了解真價者，鑒賞者
  depreciation n.貶值，折舊
      pornographer n.色情作品作者（發行人或出售商）
      pornographic adj.色情的,色情作品的

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?? 聲.069.perd-:放屁氣 To fart. (根: partr, fart). To fart.

1. 1. from Old English *feortan, to fart, from Germanic *fertan, *fartōn.
            fart  n.[俗]屁 vi.放屁
   2. Perhaps perhaps from partial translatation and alteration of Yiddish (arum)fartsn (zikh), to fart (around), from Middle High German varzen, to fart. Both a and b from Germanic *fertan, *fartōn.
            futz vi.<美俚>閑蕩，閑混
2. from Greek perdix, partridge (which makes a sharp whirring sound when suddenly flushed).
         partridge 山鶉

[Pokorny perd? 819.]
Compare pezd-.

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→4495 : perd- 放屁，放風(大聲) to fart, break wind (loudly) ;?身_64

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?? 汽.070.per?-1:引產生產 To produce, procure. (根: par, per, sever, pair, partur, pert, fer). To produce, procure. Oldest form *perh₂?; possibly related to per?-². See also per-⁵II.
Derivatives include parade, parry, emperor, parachute, sever, and parent.

1. Zero-grade form *pr??? (becoming *par? in Latin).
   1. Suffixed form *par-ā?. from Latin parāre, to try to get, prepare, equip;
            parade n./v.游行,夸耀n.檢閱,閱兵式v.使列隊行進
            pare  vt.修剪，削皮，消減
            parlay n.連本帶利的賭博 vt.連本帶利地賭博,使增值
            parry 擋開，閃避
            parure 全套首飾：一套相配的珠寶或其它裝飾物
        apparatus 配置好的n.(成套的)器械，設備
        apparel 安排好(衣著):vt.給……穿衣，裝飾n.服裝，盛裝
            comprador 掮客；中間人
       disparate 剪開的:adj.迥然不同的，不相干的n.無法相比的東西
       emperor n.皇帝
        imperative adj.必要的，不可避免的，勢在必行的，命令的，祈使的n.必要的事，命令，需要，規則，祈使語氣
        imperator 大將：羅馬共和國的軍隊統帥
        imperial a.帝國的，帝王的；(度量衡)英制的
            parachute 防備墜落:n.降落傘vi.跳傘，空投
            parasol 大遮陽傘
       prepare v.準備,預備
      rampart 壁壘，矮墻
         repair n.修理,修補v.補救,糾正;修理
        separate a.(from)分離的,分開的
            sever v.切斷
            several a.幾個，若干，數個；各個的，各自的
   2. suffixed form *par-yo?. from Latin parere, parīre, to get, beget, give birth;
           -para 已產…次的婦女：已生過一定數量孩子的婦女：
            parity n.平價；同等；相等
           -parous 生育的；生產的：
            parturient 臨產的，分娩的
      postpartum adj.產后的
         repertory n.倉庫
         viper  蝰蛇
   3. parallel suffixed (participial) form *par-ent?. from Latin parēns, parent;
            parent n.父母,母親;(pl.)雙親;父母
   4. suffixed form *par-o?, producing:
      1. from Latin iūniperus, juniper, perhaps from compound *yoini-paros, "producing juniper berries" (*yoini?, juniper berry);
         juniper n.[植]刺柏屬叢木或樹木
      2. compound *pau-paros (see pau-);
      3. Italic compound *wīwo-paros (see g^wei-).
   5. suffixed form *par-ikā?. from Latin Parcae, the Fates (who assign one's destiny).
            Parcae 命運三女神
2. Suffixed o-grade form por(?)-sī?. from Old English hēahfore, calf, a compound (with obscure first element) of fearr, calf, from Germanic *farzī?.
    heifer 未生育過的小母牛

[Pokorny 2. D. per 818.]

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→4492 : 2d. per- 生育(孩子) to bear (a child) ;?身_72, ?身_73

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multipara 經產婦：曾經生過兩次或多次孩子的婦女
nullipara 從未生育過的女子
primipara 初孕婦：第一次懷孕的婦女

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 disparity n.不同；不一致；不等
  imperialism n.帝國主義,帝制
  imperialist n.帝國主義者 adj.帝國主義的
  imperialistic adj.帝國主義的，帝制的
      parachutist 跳傘者
 preparation n.準備,預備;制劑,制備品
 preparatory adj.預備的n.預科，預科學校
 prepared adj.準備好的,精制的
 preparedness n.有準備,已準備
disrepair 失修
irreparable 不能修復的
irreparably adv.不能挽回地，不能恢復地
   repairer n.修理工人，修補者
   reparation n.賠償；修理；賠款
inseparable adj.不能分的
inseparably adv.不能分離地，不可分地
  separable 可分開的
  separately adv.分別地；分離地；個別地
  separateness n.分開，分離，獨自
  separation n.分離，分開，間隔
  separatism n.分離主義
  separatist n.分離主義者,獨立派
  separator 分離器
      severance n.斷絕
      severally adv.各自地，各別地,分頭
      parentage 家世，出身
      parental adj.父母親的，父母的；親代的，親本的
      parenthood n.親子關系；父母身分
      parenting n.養育,撫養,教養 v.教養
      parentless adj.無父母的

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?? 汽.071.per?-2:部件黨派 To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). (根: parti, par, part, port, preci, prais, pair, parc, peer, pars). To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). Oldest form *perh₃?. Possibly related to per?-¹. See also per-⁵II. Zero-grade form *pr??? (becoming *par? in Latin).

1. Suffixed form *par-ti?. from Latin pars (stem part?), a share, part;
         parcel n.包裹,郵包,部分v.打包,捆扎,分配
         parcener 參見 [coparcener]
         parse vt.從語法上描述或分析（詞句等）
         part  n.部分,角色,一方,零件,地區,部,篇v.使分開
         particle n.粒子,微粒;極小量;小品詞,虛詞
         partisan adj.黨派的；效忠的；偏袒的；盲目推崇的n.游擊隊；虔誠信徒；黨羽
         partita n.變奏曲，組曲
         party n.聚會,政黨,當事人v.舉行(參加)社交聚會
      bipartite adj.雙向的
   compart 把…分隔成若干部分
     impart 分享部分:vt.給予(尤指抽象事物)，傳授；告知，透露
         participate v.(in)參與,參加;分享,分擔;含有,帶有
      repartee 快速回答，快問快答
2. possibly suffixed form *par-tiōn?. from Latin portiō, a part (first attested in the phrase prō portiōne, in proportion, according to each part, perhaps assimilated from *prō partiōne);
         portion n.一部分,一份
    proportion n.比例;部分;均衡,相稱
3. perhaps Latin pār, equal
         pair  n.一對,一雙;一副;夫婦v.配對,成對
         par    n.標準；票面價值；平均數量adj.標準的；票面的
         pareve 不含肉的，不含奶的：不含肉、奶或肉奶制品且依照飲食教規，這樣的配制才能與肉和奶一起吃的：
         parity n.平價；同等；相等
         peer  n.同輩,同等地位的人;貴族v.凝視,隱約出現
   compare vt.(to，with)比較；(to)把…比作vi.相比
     imparity 不平等；不同；不配合
   nonpareil 無與倫比的人
         pari-mutuel n.賽馬賭博的彩金，賽馬賭金計算器

[Pokorny 2. C. >per 817.]

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→4491 : 2c. per-, per?- 出售，傳授 to sell, impart ;?商_82

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  appraise vt.評價，鑒定，估價
  appreciate vt.為...表示感激，感謝；欣賞，賞識，評價
      apprize 鑒賞；估價
  depreciate 貶值
      interpret vt.解釋,說明;口譯
      pornography n.色情文學,色情描寫
      praise v.贊揚,歌頌;表揚n.稱贊,贊美;贊美的話
      precious a.珍貴的,貴重的
      price n.價格,價錢;代價v.標價

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counterpart n.副本；配對物；極相似的人或物，對應的人或物
      parted adj.分開的
      partial a.部分的,不完全的;偏袒的,不公平的,偏愛的
      partiality 偏袒
      partially ad.部分地
      parting n.分別,分歧處,(頭發的)分縫 adj.離別的,逝去的
antiparticle n.反粒子,反質點
   bipartisan adj.兩黨連立的
nonpartisan adj. 無黨無派的；超乎黨派的
nonpartisanship 無黨無派的；超乎黨派的
      partisanship n.黨派性，黨派偏見
disproportion 不均衡
 proportional adj.比例的,成比例的,相稱的,均衡的
 proportionality 相稱原則，恰當性
 proportionally 按比例地，相配合地，適當地
  unpaired adj.不成雙的，無對手的
      peerless 無雙的，無匹敵的
comparability n.相似性，可比較性,可比性
comparable a.(with,to)可比較的,比得上的
comparably adv.可比較地，同等地
comparative a.比較的,相當的
comparatively adv.對比地,相對地,比較地,有點
incomparable adj.無與倫比的,不能比較的
incomparably adv.無比地，無敵地,不能比較地
      partner n.合作者,合伙人,合股人,伙伴,舞伴,配偶
      partnership n.合伙(關系)

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?? 聲.072.perk?u-:橡木果屌 Oak. (根:, ). Oak.

1. Zero-grade form *pr?k^w?. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Icelandic f?ri fir from Germanic *furh-jōn?
         fir n.[植]冷杉
2. Assimilated form *k^werk^wu?. from Latin quercus, oak.
         quercetin n.櫟精,槲皮素
         quercitron 美洲黑櫟樹內樹皮：黑櫟樹的亮橘色內樹皮，可從中提取黃色染料

[Pokorny perk^u?u-s 822.]

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→4504 : perku?u-s 橡樹 oak ;?天_42, ?農_61

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      cork n.軟木塞,軟木,(用塞子)塞住

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      corked 發臭的，帶瓶塞異味的
      corker 絕色佳麗
      corky adj.軟木的，活潑的
      uncork vt.拔去塞子，開口，泄漏

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?? 聲.073.pes-:噴尿掛屌 Penis. (根: peni, pen). Penis. Suffixed form *pes-ni?.

      pencil n.鉛筆vt.用鉛筆寫
      penicillium 青霉菌：任何一種長于腐爛的水果和成熟的奶酪上的青霉菌 屬藍綠色真菌，用于制造青霉素和奶酪
      penis n.陽物,[解]陰莖 from Latin pēnis (< *pesnis), penis, tail.

[Pokorny 3. pes? 824.]

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→4510 : 3. pes-, pesos 陰莖 penis ;?身_492

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      penciled 成射束狀的
      penicillin n.[微]青霉素（音譯名為盤尼西林）

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?? 飛.074.pet-:飛沖向前 To rush, fly. Also pet?-. (根: pet, pter, pto, petu, feath, peat, penn, pinn, prop, pin, pen). To rush, fly. Also pet?- . Oldest form *peth₁?. Variant *pteh₁?, becoming *ptē?.
Derivatives include feather, compete, perpetual, ptomaine, symptom, and hippopotamus.

1. Suffixed form *pet-rā?. from Old English fether, feather, from Germanic *fethrō, feather.
         feather n.羽毛
2. from Latin petere, to go toward, seek.
        -petal 表示“向前移動的，前進的”之意：
         petition v.請愿，懇求n.請愿，請愿書，訴狀
         petulant 易怒的，使性子的，鬧脾氣的
     appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望，性欲；愛好，趣味
   compete vi.比賽；競爭；對抗
     impetigo 膿胞病
     impetuous 沖動的
     impetus 瞄準、沖向:n.動力，沖力
    perpetual adj.永久的；不斷的；四季開花的；無期限的
      repeat v.重復,重說,重做n.重復
3. Suffixed form *pet-nā?. from Latin penna, pinna, feather, wing.
         panache 神氣十足
         pen    n.鋼筆,圓珠筆,作家,圍欄vt.寫,關入欄中
         penna 表羽：區別于軟絨羽或正羽的鳥的外廓羽毛
         pennate 有羽的或有翼的
         pennon 三角旗，燕尾旗
         pin    n.釘;大頭針,別針,徽章v.(up)釘住,別住
         pinna n.羽，翼，鰭
         pinnacle n.小尖塔,山頂,頂點 vt.造小尖塔,把...放在極高處
         pinnate 羽毛的，羽狀
         pinnati- 似羽毛的：
         pinnule {植物學} 小羽片，二回羽片：二回羽片結構的一種根本小葉
    empennage 尾翼：飛機的尾部
4. Suffixed form *pet-ro? in compound *aku-petro? (see ōku-).
5. Suffixed form *pet-yo?. from Latin propitius, favorable, gracious, originally a religious term meaning "falling or rushing forward," hence "eager," "well-disposed" (said of the gods; prō?, forward; see per ¹).
         propitious 吉祥的，吉利的
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ero?. from Greek pteron, feather, wing, and pterux, wing.
        -pter 翅膀；類似于翅膀的部份：
       apteryx 參見 [kiwi]
   archaeopteryx 始祖鳥
   coleopteran 鞘翅目昆蟲：一種鞘翅目昆蟲，前翅為鞘翅，質地堅硬覆蓋在膜質的后翅上，包括甲蟲、象鼻蟲和螢火蟲
      dipteral {建筑學} 雙排柱式的：如一些希臘神廟那種擁有兩排廊柱的建筑物
    isopteran 等翅目
   mecopteran 蝎蛉目動物：蝎蛉目食物性昆蟲，其中包括蝎蛉，其特征是生有膜質長翅，頭部長而生有長喙，喙之尖端生有刺吸式口器
   monopteros 獨角獸
   orthopteran 直翅目：直翅目的昆蟲，特點為長有折疊的膜狀后翅、后翅上覆有狹窄的羽狀前翼以及適于咀嚼的口器。這一目的昆蟲包括蝗蟲、蟬螂、螳螂和蟋蟀
   peripteral 有圍柱的：各面都有一根或一排柱子的
   plecopteran 參見 [stonefly]
         pteridology 蕨類植物學：研究蕨類的科學
         pterygoid 翼狀突的：蝶骨的，與其有關的或位于其部位的；一塊翼狀肌肉
   sauropterygian 鰭龍：各種在中生代時期大量繁殖的鰭龍亞目已滅絕水生爬行動物，包括蛇頸龍
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *pt-ilo?. from Greek ptilon, soft feathers, down, plume.
         coleoptile 胚芽鞘：裹在草的芽尖和胚芽外層的保護鞘
8. Reduplicated form *pi-pt?. from Greek piptein, to fall, with verbal adjective ptōtos (< *ptō-to?), falling, fallen, and nominal derivatives ptōsis (< *ptō-ti?), a fall, and ptōma (< *ptō-mn?), a fall, fallen body, corpse.
         ptomaine 尸堿：一種含氮的有機化合物，由蛋白質被細菌感染導致腐爛而產生
         ptosis 下垂：一個器官或器官的一部分不正常的下降或垂落，尤其指由肌肉松弛或麻痹引起的上眼瞼的下垂
   asymptote 漸近線
   peripeteia 突變：事情或環境的突然變化，尤指在文學作品中
         proptosis n.突出，（眼球等器官）前垂
   symptom n.(疾病的)癥狀；(不好事情的)征兆,表征
9. O-grade form *pot?. from Greek potamos "rushing water," river (-amo?, Greek suffix).
         hippopotamus 河馬
         potamology 河流學
10. Suffixed form *pet-tro?. from Sanskrit pattram, feather, leaf.
          talipot 傘干頂櫚：一種產于印度和斯里蘭卡的高大棕櫚樹（傘形行李葉椰子{ }行李葉椰子屬） ，具有一個由很碩大的扇形樹葉構成的伸展的樹冠和開花植物中最大的一支巨型花穗

[Pokorny 2. pet? 825.]

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→4512 : 2. pet-, pet?- : ptē-, ptō-, Hellenic ptā- 跌倒，跌倒 to fall, tumble down ;?行_23

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acanthopterygian 棘鰭目魚：棘鰭魚總目的各種魚類，有骨質的外骨骼和刺狀的背鰭骨以及近肛門的鰭，還包括鱸魚，河鱸，鯖魚，和箭魚
aminopterin

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      feathered adj.有羽毛的,像鳥般飛得快的
      feathering n.附裝羽毛狀，羽毛箭,肉桂,順槳,叢毛
      feathery a.生有羽毛的,柔軟如羽毛的
      petitioner n.請愿人，申請人
      petulance n.鬧氣，性急
  appetitive adj.食欲的，有食欲的，促進食欲的
  appetizer n.開胃菜，開胃食品
  appetizing adj.促進食欲的, 開胃的,鮮美的,誘人的
unappetizing adj.引不起食欲的
competition n.競爭，比賽；角逐，較量；[總稱]競爭者
competitive a.競爭的；好競爭的；(價格等的)有競爭力的
competitiveness n.競爭力,好競爭
competitor n.競爭者,對手
uncompetitive adj.無競爭力的
  impetuosity n.激烈，沖動，性急
 perpetuity n.永久，永恒，永遠
   repeatable adj.可重復的，（實驗、實驗結果等）可復驗的
   repeated adj.重復的,再三的
   repeater 連發槍
   repetition n.重復,反復
   repetitious 重復乏味的
   repetitive a.重復的,反復的
      pins  名詞pin的復數形式. n. 腿；別針；插腳；(燒陶瓷用)燒針
asymptotic adj.漸近線的，漸近的
asymptotically 計 漸近
symptomatic adj.癥狀的,征候的,征兆的,有癥狀的,表明...的癥候
symptomless adj.無癥狀的，無征候的

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?? 飛.075.pet?-:傳播展開 To spread. (根: pass, pat, pas, pans, pand, fath, pet, pan). To spread. Oldest form *peth₂?.
Derivatives include fathom, patent, and compass.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *pot(?)-mo?. from Old English f?thm, fathom, from Germanic *fathmaz, "length of two arms stretched out.".
         fathom n.長度單位(6英尺).v.看穿
2. Suffixed (stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-ē?. from Latin patēre, to be open.
         patent n.|a.專利(權)(的)
         patulous 張開的，伸展開的：
3. Probably variant zero-grade form in remade nasalized form *pat-no?. from Latin pandere (past participle passus < *pat-to?), to spread out.
         pace n.步,步伐,步調,速度v.踱步,用步測
         pandy {多用于英國} 打手心：以藤條或皮條打手心的學校處罰
         pas    n.舞步，舞蹈,<口>爸( pa的名詞復數 )
         paseo 散步：一種慢而輕松的漫步或戶外行走
         pass  v.經/通/穿/度過；傳遞n.通行證；考試及格
         passsé 過時的：不再現代化的或流行的；過時的
         passim 各處，多處（書，文章注釋）
   compas 節奏
   compass n.羅盤,指南針;(pl.)圓規
     expand v.(使)膨脹,(使)擴張;張開,展開
         Paso Fino 帕索非諾,帕索·菲諾
         pasqueflower 銀蓮花，白頭翁：一種銀蓮花屬 植物尤指 銀蓮花 長有藍色、紫色或白色的大花，每朵能結出許多顯眼的羽狀瘦果
         passacaglia {音樂} 帕薩卡利亞舞曲：17世紀和18世紀的一種曲式，包含3/4拍基礎低音的連續變體，與太空舞曲類似
         passage n.通過,經過;通路,走廊;(一)段落,(一)節
         passport n.護照,達到某種目的的手段
      repand （邊緣）殘波狀的：具有殘波狀邊緣的：
         spawn vi.產卵.n.卵
4. Suffixed form *pet-alo?. from Greek petalon, leaf.
         petal n.花瓣
5. Suffixed form *pet-ano?. from Greek patanē (? < *petanā?), platter, "thing spread out.".
         paella 西班牙雜燴飯
         pan    n.平底鍋,盤子,面板
         paten 金屬制平碟；圣餐盤；淺碟
         patina n.銅綠,綠銹,薄層,光澤,古色
6. from Greek petasos, broad-brimmed hat, from Greek suffixed form *peta-so?.
         petasos 闊邊帽：古希臘人和古羅馬人戴的一種寬邊帽

[Pokorny 1. pet? 824.]

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→4511 : 1. pet-, pet-, pet?- 伸展(尤指手臂) to stretch out (esp. arms) ;?工_32

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      past  a.過去的ad.過n.過去，昔日prep.(經)過

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  unfathomable adj.深不可測的,無底的,難解的
      patency n.明顯
      patented 有專利權的
      patentee n.專利權所有人
      patently adv.明白地,公然地
  impassable 不能通行的
overpass n.[美]天橋,陸橋 vt.勝過,通過,忽視
      passable 能通過的
      passably adv.尚可地，也還過得去地
      passer n.過路人,使通過者
      passing n.經過,通過,消逝(死) adj.經過的,短暫的,偶然的,及格的
underpass n.地下通道
encompass vt.包含；包圍，環繞；完成
  expandable adj.可張開的，可擴大的
  expansion n.擴張,膨脹;張開,伸展
  expansionism n.膨脹主義,擴張主義
  expansionist n.擴張主義者，領土擴張論者 adj.擴張主義的
  expansive adj.廣闊的；擴張的；豪爽的
  expansiveness 膨脹性，夸張性

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?? 水.076.peu?-:沖洗清凈 To purify, cleanse. (根: pur, pit, purg, pi, pour). To purify, cleanse. Oldest form *peuh₂?.

Suffixed zero-grade form *pū-ro? (< *puh₂-ro?)
      pour  v.灌注,傾瀉,涌入,流,傾盆大雨
      pure  a.純的,純潔的;純理論的,抽象的;完全的
      purrée 把…做成菜泥或濃湯：通過過濾器過濾或在攪拌器里攪拌（食品）
      purge v.凈化，清洗，通便n.瀉藥，凈化
      Puritan 清教徒；清教徒的
compurgation 免罰宣誓審判：舊時一種判案方法，其中被告人可以找11個人以宣誓的方式證明他的無辜
  depurate （使）清潔，（使）凈化
  expurgate 純化
      purblind 半盲的；愚鈍的；視力不佳的
    spurge n.大戟 from Latin pūrus, pure, and pūrgāre, to purify (< *pūr-igāre < *pūr-agāre; *ag?, to drive; see ag- )

[Pokorny 1. peu? 827.]

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→4513 : 1. peu-, peu??- : pū?- 過濾、清潔、凈化、凈化 to sift, clean, purge, purify ;?感_87

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  impure 不純的，有雜質的
  impurity n.雜質，不純，不潔
      purely ad.僅僅,簡單地,純粹地
      purism n.純粹主義（指在語言，藝術等方面過于嚴格遵守傳統規范），純粹派（法國20世紀初的一個藝術流派）,純語主義
      purist n.純化論者
      purity n.純潔，純度
      purgation n.<正>清除,凈化,消除不良影響,通便
      purgative 瀉藥，通便藥物
      piety n.虔誠；孝敬；虔誠的行為或語言
  expiate 接受懲罰，贖罪
  expiation n.贖罪，補償
      piteous 可憐的
      pitiable 可憐的
      pitiful adj.可憐的，令人同情的
      pitifully adv.可憐地,可恨地,哀
      pitiless 無情的
      pity  v.(覺得)可憐,惋惜n.憾事,憐憫
self-pity n.(尤指過度的)自憐,自哀
  impious 不敬的
      pious adj.虔誠的；敬神的；可嘉的；盡責的

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?? p破.077.peuk-:尖刺點戳 To prick. (根: punct, point, pugn, pug, fuck, pung, poign, pink, poun, punt). Also peug-.
To prick. Oldest forms *peuk??, *peug??, becoming *peuk?, *peug? in centum languages. Zero-grade form *pug?.

1. Suffixed form *pug-no?. from Latin pugil, pugilist, and pugnus, fist, with denominative pugnāre, to fight with the fist.
         poniard 匕首；短劍
         pugilism 拳擊；搏擊
         pugil stick 擊棒：部隊在訓練刺刀格斗時使用的一種端部有襯墊的長棒
         pugnacious 好斗的
     impugn 懷疑，質疑
     oppugn 反對，沖突，質問
      repugn 再次反對；再次反抗
2. Nasalized zero-grade form *pu-n-g?. from Latin pungere, to prick.
         bung 瓶塞
         pink  n.粉紅色a.粉紅色的
         poignant 刺痛的:adj.尖銳的；辛酸的；深刻的；切中要害的
         point n.尖;點;條款;分數,得分;論點v.(at,to)指
         pointillism 點描技法
         pontil 參見 [punty]
         pounce v.突襲 n.突襲
         puncheon 架柱：用在結構框架中的短木支柱
         punctilio 細微末節：儀式的細節
         punctual a.嚴守時刻的,準時的,正點的
         punctuate v.加標點于，強調
         puncture n.v.刺穿，戳破
         pungent adj.辛辣的，刺激的，尖刻的
         bontebok 南非羚羊：南非的一種稀有羚羊（南非白紋大羚羊 或 { }白腿牛羚） ，軀干呈深紅色，臀部為白色，臉上有白色標記
   compunction 內疚，懊悔
     expunge 刪除
         spontoon 戟：一種由18世紀步兵攜帶的短矛
     trapunto 提花墊緯凸紋布：一種衍縫物，圖案是用兩排或兩排以上的平縫針縫出的，然后再在底面加入襯墊物，以達到凸起的效果
3. from Greek pugmē, fist.
         pygmaean 矮人的；微少的
         Pygmy 侏儒；矮人
4. Seen by some as the base of Germanic fuk(k)? in words related to sexual intercourse, but uncertain.
         fuck  vi.性交 vt.欺騙,利用,詛咒,與...性交 n.性交,雜種,性交對象,毫不在乎 int.他媽的

[Pokorny peuk?? 828.]

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→4517 : peuk?-, and peug?- 粉紅色，刺傷，粘住 to pink, stab, stick ;?工_22, ?工_23, ?工_342

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acupuncture 用尖來刺:n.針灸，針灸療法vt.對……實施針灸
      point-device 極其精確的，完全正確的：一絲不茍地正確的或干凈的；精確的或嚴謹認真的

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      pugilist 拳擊手
      pugilistic adj.拳擊的，拳擊家的
      pinkish 粉紅色的
      poignancy n.辛辣,辛酸（事）
counterpoint n.[音]對位法,旋律配合,對應物
      pointed adj.尖角的,敏銳的,銳利的,率直的,突出的
      pointer n.指示器
      pointing n.弄尖,指示
      pointless adj.無意義的
      punctuality n.準時，守時
      punctually adv.如期地，準時地,正點
      punctuation n.標點，標點符號
      pungency n.（氣味等的）刺激性,辣,（言語等的）辛辣,尖刻
      fucker n.傻瓜,笨蛋
      fucking adj.用以增強表示憤怒,煩惱等的語氣

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?? 聲.078.pezd-:放屁氣 To fart. (根:, ). To fart.

1. Suffixed form *pezd-i?. from Old English fīsting, a breaking wind, and Middle English fisten, to fart, from Germanic *fistiz, a fart.
         feist 一種雜種小狗
2. from Latin pēdere, to fart.
         petard 攻城炸藥箱，爆竹
3. Perhaps Latin pēdis, louse (? < "foul-smelling insect")
         pedicular 屬于、有關或由虱子引起的

[Pokorny pezd? 829, 2. peis? 796.]
Compare perd-.

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→4520 : pezd- 破風(輕柔) to break wind (softly) ;?身_64

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      pediculous

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?? 水.079.p?ter-:父親祖親 Father. (根: patri, father, patr, patern, petr, padr, pater). Father. Oldest form *ph₂ter?.

1. from Old English f?der, father, from Germanic *fadar.
         father n.父親；創始人，發明者；(Father)神父
   forefather n.祖先,祖宗
2. from Latin pater, father.
         padre 牧師，神父
         pater 佩特，沃爾特·霍拉提奧：([1839-1894]) 英國作家，因他的評論著作而為后世懷念，包括《文藝復興史之研究》 (1873年）和 《論鑒賞》 (1889年）
         paternal adj.父親的；得自父親的；父親般的
         patri- 父親
         patrician 貴族的，上流社會的
         patrimony 文物，祖傳遺產
         patron 父親:n.贊助人；保護人；主顧。古羅馬時期平民依賴貴族為生，須仰仗其庇護，尊稱為patron(父親)。后引申為“保護
         père 父親：用在男子姓后用以區別父與子：
   compadre 老兄
     expatriate 逐出祖國:vt.使移居國外；流放，放逐；使放棄國籍vi.移居國外；放棄原國籍n.被流放者；移居國外者adj
         goombah 同伴或同事：同伴或同事，特指以贊助人，保護人或顧問身份出現的年長的朋友
    perpetrate v.犯
3. from Greek patēr, father.
         patri- 父親
         patriot 同胞:n.愛國者
   allopatric 異域種的：分布在不同地區的，分布區不重疊的，常指由于地理分隔而不能雜交的相關生物的族群
     eupatrid 世襲貴族：古代雅典的世襲貴族之一
   parapatric 準心房
         patriarch n.家長；族長；元老；創始人
   sympatric adj.（生態）分布區重疊的，同域的

[Pokorny p?t? (r) 829.]

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→4521 : p?t?(r), genitive p?tr-és 父親 father ;?人_35

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      gaffer 領班，工頭
godfather n.教父 vt.當教父
grandfather n.祖父,始祖
      patroclinous 傾向父親的，雄性遺傳
      patronymic 父名的

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      fatherhood n.父親的身份,父性,父權
      fathering 醫父愛
      fatherless adj.無父的
      fatherly adj.父親的，慈父般的
      paternalism 家長式制度，專制
      paternalistic adj.家長式的
      paternity n.父權；父系；父系后裔
      patrimonial adj.祖傳的
      patroness n.女資助人，女贊助者，女主顧
      patronize vt.以高人一等的態度對待；經常光顧，惠顧；資助；保護
      patronizing adj.要人領情的；自視高人一等的；屈尊俯就的；以恩人態度自居的
 perpetration n.做壞事，犯罪
 perpetrator n.犯罪者,作惡者
      patriotic adj.愛國的,有愛國心的
      patriotically adv.愛國地；憂國地
      patriotism n.愛國主義；愛國心，愛國精神
      patriarchal adj.家長；族長；元老；創始人
      gaffer 領班，工頭

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?? 瓶.080.plāk-1:平和愉快 To be flat. (根: pleas, plac, place, flag, plead, flaw, pelag, plank, plag, plic, ple, flake, flak, fluk, plea). Also plak-.
To be flat. Earliest form *pleh₂k?, colored to *plah₂k?, becoming *plāk?. Extension of pel?-².
Derivatives include fluke¹, flaw¹, plead, placenta, and archipelago.

1. from Old Norse flō, layer, coating, from Germanic *flōhō.
         floe 浮冰
2. Variant form *plāg?.
   1. from Old English flōc, flatfish, from Germanic *flōk?;
            fluke n.僥幸,偶然的機會
   2. from Middle English flake, flake, from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Norwegian flak, flat piece, flake, from Germanic *flakaz;
            flake n.薄片.v.使成薄片,剝落
   3. from Old Norse flaki, fleki, hurdle, from Germanic *flak?.
3. Extended form *plakā?. from Old Norse flaga, layer of stone, from Germanic *flagō.
         flag  n.旗
         flaw  n.缺點,瑕疵
4. Possibly suffixed (stative) form *plak-ē?, to be calm (as of the flat sea) from Latin placēre, to please, be agreeable.
         placebo n.安慰劑；為死者所誦的晚禱詞。源自葬禮所唱晚禱詞中的第一句。
         placid 令人愉悅的:adj.平靜的；安靜的；溫和的；沉著的
         plea  n.懇求,請求,辯解,藉口
         plead vt.借口；為...辯護；托稱vi.懇求；辯護
         pleasant a.令人愉快的vt.使高興vi.滿意；喜歡
         please v.請;使愉快,使滿意;喜歡,愿意
   complacent adj.自滿的；得意的；滿足的
5. Root noun *plak?. from Latin supplex, suppliant (whence denominative supplicāre, to beg humbly, first attested in Archaic Latin as sub vos placō, I entreat you; sub, under; see upo ).
   supplicate 祈求，哀求
   supple adj.柔軟的,逢迎的,順從的 vt.使柔軟,使順從 vi.變柔順
6. Lengthened suffixed form *plāk-ā?. from Latin plācāre, to calm (causative of placēre).
         placable 可安撫的，易撫慰的
         placate vt.撫慰；懷柔；使和解
7. Nasalized form *pla-n-k?. from Latin plancus, flat, flat-footed.
         planchet 硬幣坯，金屬坯：打上戳記后用做硬幣的一種水平金屬圓片；硬幣坯
         plank n.厚木板(條)
8. Variant form *plag?.
   1. Perhaps Latin plaga, net (? < "something extended")
            plagiary 剽竊，抄襲物
   2. from Greek plagos, side.
            plagal 變格的：屬于或作為中世紀音樂的一種形式的，具有第四調低于到第五調高于其最后音調的音域
            plagio- 斜的，歪的：
            playa 干荒盆地：無法排水的沙漠盆地底部的近似平坦的地區，有時會暫時被水覆蓋
9. Root form *plak?. from Greek plax, flat, flat land, surface, plate.
         placenta 胎盤
         placoid 楣形的：盤狀，如鯊魚、惡魚和虹魚的硬齒狀的鱗
         leukoplakia 粘膜白斑?。阂环N異常情況，其特征是粘膜，尤其是口腔和陰唇的粘膜上出現白點或白斑也作 [leukoplasia]
         placoderm 盾皮魚：各種現已滅絕的希留利亞紀和泥盆紀魚類，特征是頭部和兩側被多骨的甲殼蓋住、有鏈的顎和成對的鰭
10. Possible variant form *pelag?. from Greek pelagos, sea.
          pelagic 遠海的，遠洋的
    archipelago 海洋的首領:n.群島，多島的海。古希臘人將愛琴海視為“海之首領”，該海區多島嶼，故該詞含義轉為“多島的海，群島”[

[Pokorny 1. plā-k? 831.]

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→4529 : 1. plā-k- : pl?-k-, ple-k- : plō?-k-, plei-k-, and pel?- 平的，寬的，寬的；展開的 flat, wide, broad; spread out ;?工_34, ?空_61, ?空_71

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  implacable adj.不能安撫的；難和解的；不能緩和的

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      flaky adj.薄片的,成片的,薄而易剝落的,[美俚]極古怪的,與常人不同的
      flagged 鋪石板的
      flagging n.鋪砌石板，鋪石材料，石板路 adj.下垂的,衰弱的,委頓的,逐漸衰退（或減退、低落）的
  unflagging 不減弱的
      flawed adj.有缺點的,有缺陷的,錯誤的
      flawless adj.無瑕疵的,無缺點的,無裂縫的
      placidity n.平靜
      placidly adv.平穩地，平靜地
      pleading n.辯論,起訴,答辯 adj.懇求的
      pleadingly adv.祈求地，訴愿地
 displease vt.使生氣，觸怒vi.變得令人生氣，導致不快
 displeasure n.不愉快；不滿意；悲傷
      pleased adj.高興的,滿足的
      pleaser 取悅；使高興；愿意；使滿意
      pleasing adj.令人高興的,愉快的,合意的
      pleasingly adv.高興地；喜歡地
      pleasurable adj.快樂的,愉快的,合意的
      pleasurably adv.愉快地,舒適地,快樂地,歡愉地
      pleasure n.愉快,快樂;樂事,樂趣
  unpleasant a.不愉快的,不合意的
complacency n.自滿；滿足；自鳴得意
complacently adv.滿足地，自滿地,揚揚
      suppliant 祈求者，哀求者
supplication 祈求，哀求
suppleness n.柔軟,靈活,易彎曲,順從
  implacably adv.無法平息地,難以和解地,無法和解地,執拗地難寬恕地
      placatory 安撫的，撫慰的
      placatory 安撫的，撫慰的
      planking 木板，板條
      placental 胎盤的

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?? 梆.081.plāk-2:捶撞抱怨 To strike. (根: plain, plex, plec, pleg, fling, plang, plag). To strike. Oldest form *pleh₂k?, colored to *plah₂k?, becoming *plāk?.

1. Nasalized variant forms *pla-n-k?, *pla-n-g?.
   1. from Middle English flingen, to fling, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse flengja, to flog, whip, from Germanic *flang?;
            fling v.(用力地)扔,拋,丟
   2. from Latin plangere, to strike (one's own breast), lament;
            plaint 起訴，訴狀，凄涼的聲音
            plangent 哀婉的，凄涼的
      complain v.(about,of)抱怨;申訴
   3. suffixed form *plang-yo?. from Greek plazein, to drive away, turn aside.
            plankton 浮游生物
2. Variant form *plāg?. from Latin plāga, a blow, stroke.
         plague n.瘟疫,災害,麻煩,苦惱vt.折磨,使苦惱
3. Suffixed form *plāk-yo?. from Greek plēssein, to beat, strike.
         plectrum 琴撥，撥子
        -plegia 麻痹：
         plexor 叩診槌：用在通過振蕩所作的檢查或診斷中的橡皮頭的小槌
   apoplexy 中風
   cataplexy 猝倒：通常由一種極度的感情刺激引起的肌肉彈性和力氣的突然喪失
   paraplegia 截癱

[Pokorny 2. plāk? 832.]

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→4530 : 2. plāk-, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg- 打，打，扔 to hit, beat, fling ;?工_21, ?行_25

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complaint n.抱怨，訴苦，怨言，控告；疾病

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complainant n.發牢騷的人，原告
complainer n.愛發牢騷的人；牢騷滿腹的人
uncomplainingly 順從的；沒有怨言的；忍受痛苦的
apoplectic 大怒的
paraplegic adj.（患）截癱的 n.截癱患者

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?? 瓶.082.plat-:平展廣播 To spread. (根: plant, pla, plat, flatt, plan, flat, platy). Also plet?-.
To spread. (Oldest form *plet?₂?). Extension of pel?-².
Derivatives include flatter¹, plant, plateau, platitude, and plaza.

1. Variant form *plad?.
   1. from Old Norse flatr, flat;
            flat  a.平坦的,扁平的,平淡的n.一套房間;平面
   2. from Old French flater, to flatter. Both a and b from Germanic *flataz, flat.
            flatter vt.過分夸贊,奉承,使滿意
2. Suffixed variant form *plad-yo?. from Old English flet(t), floor, dwelling, from Germanic *flatjam.
3. Basic form *plat?. from Late Latin fladō, flat cake, pancake, from Germanic *flathō(n), flat cake.
         flan 果餡餅
4. from Anglo-Norman floundre, flounder, from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Old Swedish flundra, flatfish, flounder, from Germanic suffixed nasalized form *flu-n-th-r-jō?.
         flounder vi.(在水中)掙扎,困難地往前走,躊躇,發慌 n.掙扎,輾轉,比目魚
5. Nasalized form *pla-n-t?. from Latin planta, sole of the foot, and denominative plantāre, to drive in with the sole of the foot, plant, whence planta, a plant.
         clan n.氏族,部落
         plan  n.計劃,規劃;平面圖,設計圖v.計劃
         plant n.植物,作物;工廠;裝置v.栽種,播種,栽培
         plantain n.[植] 車前草,香蕉之一種
         plantar 跖的，足底的
         plantigrade 腳掌著地行走的，跖行動物
   supplant 踩在腳下vt.代替；排擠掉
   transplant n./v.移植(植物；組織,器官等)；遷移；
6. Suffixed zero-grade form *pl?t(?)-u?. from Greek platus, flat, broad.
         piazza n.廣場,走廊,露天市場
         place n.地方;名次;地位;寓所v.安排;放置;投(資)
         plaice 鰈
         plane n.飛機;平面,水平面
         plane tree 懸鈴木：一種懸鈴木屬 喬木，有球形果實簇和常成薄片狀脫落的外側樹皮
         plate n.金屬板,片;盤子,盆子;板,鋼板v.鍍,電鍍
         plateau 平坦的地方:n.高原，平穩時期
         Plateresque 銀匠風格的，裝飾華麗的：屬于或是關于一種十六世紀西班牙建筑形式的，其特色是使用各種主題的華麗裝飾物，特別是哥德式、文藝復興式和摩爾式的
         platina 天然鉑：鉑，尤指自然界中發現的以不純的形式存在的鉑
         platinum n.白金,鉑
         platitude 陳詞濫調，老生常談
         platy 板狀的：標明片狀層的土壤或礦物的
         platy- 扁平的：
         plaza n.廣場；市場，購物中心
         plateosaurus 板龍,高原龍

[Pokorny plā?t? 833.]

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→4531 : plā?t-, plā?d-, plē?t-, plō?t-, pl?t- 平的，寬的，寬的；展開的 flat, wide, broad; spread out ;?工_34, ?空_61, ?空_71

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 displace vt.取代；置換；轉移；把…免職；排水
 displacement n.取代，位移；[船]排水量
  implacable adj.不能安撫的；難和解的；不能緩和的
  implacably adv.無法平息地,難以和解地,無法和解地,執拗地難寬恕地
misplace vt.放錯地方
misplacement n.誤放，遺忘,錯位
      placement n.放置,布置,[足][橄]定位球
      placing n.(未經許可)出售
  unplaced 未進入前三名的
      flatly adv.平平地,水平地,無力氣地
      flatness n.平面,實音
      flatten v.變平,變單調
      flatterer n.奉承者
      flattering adj.諂媚的,討人歡喜的,奉承的,(肖像等)比真容更美麗
      flattery n.諂媚,阿諛,巴結,奉承,捧場話,恭維話,諂媚的舉動
  unflattering 不恭維的
      clannish adj.<常貶>（一伙人）自成一幫的，排外的
      planner n.計劃者
      planning n.計劃編制，規劃
      plantation n.種植園
      planter n.種植者,耕作者,種植園主,殖民者
      planting n.種植,栽培,裝備
      plantlet n.小植物，苗
   replant v.再植,改種,移植
transplantation n.移植，遷移，移民
      plated adj.鍍金的,電鍍的,裝甲的,鴛鴦布的 v.給…裝甲(plate的過去式),電鍍
      plateful n.（一）滿盤，一盤
      plating 鍍層，金屬板外層

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?? 瓶.083.plek-:編織復雜 To plait. (根: plic, ploy, plex, ploit, pli, ply, plect, play, ple, pleat, pl). To plait. Extension of pel-² . Oldest form *plek??, becoming *plek? in centum languages.
Derivatives include flax, pliant, and perplex.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *plok-so?. from Old English fleax, flax, from Germanic *flahsam, flax.
         flax 黃麻
2. Full-grade form *plek?. from Latin -plex, -fold (in compounds such as duplex, twofold; see dwo- ).
   multiplex 多廳影院
3. from Latin plicāre, to fold (also in compounds used as denominatives of words in -plex, genitive -plicis).
         plait 辮子
         pleat 褶
         pliant 柔順的，溫順的
         plica 皺襞：如皮膚、膜或殼的褶或隆起物
         plicate 折扇狀的：具有象扇子的折頁樣的褶的；打褶的
         plight n.困境,婚約.v.保證
         pliissé 褶縐處理：通過用有腐蝕性的蘇打水處理織物使其具有褶皺的表層
         ply    v.不停使用，辛勤工作，忙于，定期來往，不斷供給
     apply  vi.(以書面形式)申請；請求vt.應用；實施
   complicate v.使..復雜；使..難懂；使（疾病等）惡化；
   complice 幫手；同謀
     deploy unfold:n.部署v.部署，展開，使疏開
    display v./n.陳列,展覽,顯示(器)
    employ n./v.雇用;用,使用
     explicate 解釋清楚的
     explicit a.詳述的,明確的;坦率的;顯然的
     exploit v.開拓;開發;剝削n.功績[勛];業績
     implicate vt.使卷入，連累，涉及，暗指
     implicit a.含蓄的;(in)固有的;無疑問的;絕對的
      replicate 再次折疊:v.復制，折疊adj.復制的，折疊的
      reply  v./n.(to)回答,答復,以…作答
       splay v.張開
4. Suffixed forms *plek-to? and *plek-t-to?. from Latin plectere (past participle plexus), to weave, plait, entwine.
         pleach 編結：編織或交織（如，樹枝或藤條），尤指在搭建籬笆或棚架中
         plexus 血管，淋巴管，神經等的叢
    amplexicaul 抱莖的：抱莖的，如某些葉的基部
    amplexus 抱合，擁抱：青蛙、蟾蜍交配時的擁抱，與此同時雄性使雌性排出的卵受精
   complect 交織：通過編織或纏繞接合在一起；互相交織
   complex a.復雜的;合成的,綜合的n.聯合體
    perplexed adj.困惑的,不知所措的
5. from Greek plekein, to plait, twine, and plektos, twisted.
         plecopteran 參見 [stonefly]

[Pokorny plek?? 834.]

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→4534 : plek?- 合股、打褶、編結、編織 to ply, pleach, plait, weave ;?穿_33, ?工_15, ?工_75

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      plectognath 固鱷類：一種屬于魨魚目或固鱷目的熱帶海洋魚，包括引金魚、河豚和箱魨

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      pliable 易彎曲的
      pliers n.鉗子,老虎鉗
  applicability n.適用性,適應性
  applicable a.可應用(實施)的；適當的,合適的
  applicant n.申請者,請求者
  application n.申請，請求，申請書；應用，實施，實用性
  applied adj.應用的,實用的
inapplicable 不適用的
complicated a.錯綜復雜的,麻煩的,難解的
complication n.并發癥；復雜；復雜化；混亂
uncomplicated adj.簡單的,不復雜的,醫無合并癥的
  deployment n.部署,調度
redeploy 重新部署
redeployment n.調動，調配，重新布署
 employable adj.稱職的，有資格任職的
 employee n.雇工,雇員
 employer n.雇主
 employment n.雇用;使用;工作,職業
self-employed adj.自己經營的
underemployed adj.未充分就業的，學非所用的 n.大材小用的人
unemployable adj.不能受雇的 n.不能受雇者
unemployed a.失業的,未被利用的
unemployment n.失業,失業人數
  explicable 可解釋的
  explication n.說明
inexplicable adj.費解的；無法說明的；不能解釋的
inexplicably adv.無法說明地，難以理解地，令人難以理解的是
  explicitness 須直接付款
  exploitation n.開發，開采；利用，剝削
  exploitative adj.開發資源的，剝削的
  exploiter n.開拓者，開發者
  exploitive adj.開發資源的，剝削的
unexploited adj.未被利用的，未經開發的
   replica n.復制品，復制物
   replication n.復制；回答；反響
complexion 體液的綜合:n.膚色；面色；情況；局面(古代人認為體液決定人的性格和體質，而膚色是其表現之一)
complexity n.復雜，復雜性；復雜錯綜的事物
 perplex vt.使困惑，使為難；使復雜化
 perplexity n.困惑,混亂,復雜,困難

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?? 聲.084.pleu-:流動飛行 To flow. (根: fl, fli, float, Plut, fleet, flot, flow, flu, fly, pneu, pulmon, flood, flee, flut). To flow.
Derivatives include pulmonary, Pluto, flow, fowl, flutter, and fluster.

1. Basic form *pleu?.
   1. from Latin pluere, to rain.
            plover n.千鳥
            pluvial 雨的，洪水的
            pluvious 多雨的：以雨量很大為特征的；多雨的
   2. from Greek plein (< *plewein), to swim.
            pleopod 參見 [swimmeret]
   3. from Greek pleusis, sailing.
            pleuston 漂浮植物：漂浮在淡水水體表面上的植物
   4. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elos. from Greek dissimilated puelos, trough, basin.
            pyelitis 腎盂炎：由細菌感染引起的腎盂的嚴重發炎
   5. Suffixed form *pl(e)u-mon?, "floater," lung(s).
      1. from Latin pulmō (< *plumonēs), lung(s);
               pulmonary adj.肺部的
      2. from Greek pleumōn, pneumōn (influenced by pneuma, breath; see pneu- ), lung.
               pneumo- 空氣；氣體：
               pneumonia n.[醫] 肺炎
               pneumonic 肺的，與肺相關的
   6. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to?. from Greek ploutos, wealth, riches (< "overflowing").
            Pluto 冥王星
            plutocracy 財閥統治
   7. Lengthened o-grade form *plō(u)?.
      1. 1. from Old English flōwan, to flow;
                  flow  v.流,流動n.流量,流速
         2. perhaps Middle Dutch vluwe, fishnet Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *flōwan, to flow.
                  flue  煙道
      2. suffixed form *plō-tu?. from Old English flōd, flood, from Germanic *flōduz, flowing water, deluge.
               flood n.洪水,水災v.淹沒,發大水,泛濫
2. Extended form *pleuk?.
   1. from Old English flēogan, to fly, from Germanic *fleugan, to fly.
            fly    n.飛行;蒼蠅v飛行;飄楊a.機敏的
   2. from Old English flēoge, a fly, from Germanic *fleugōn?, flying insect, fly.
   3. Probably Germanic *fleuhan, to run away. from Old English flēon, to flee.
            flee  v.逃走;逃避
   4. from Old English fl?gan, flēgan, to put to flight, from Germanic causative *flaugjan.
            fley  恐嚇
   5. from Old French fleche, arrow, from Germanic suffixed form *fleug-ika.
            fllèche 尖塔：一種纖細的尖頂，尤指教堂的中殿與十字形耳堂相交處的上部的塔尖
            fletcher 弗萊徹，艾麗斯·坎寧安：([1838-1923]) 古巴裔的美國人類文化學者，因對印第安人文化的研究而著名
   6. Zero-grade form *pluk?.
      1. from Old English *flycge, with feathers (only in unfligge, featherless), from Germanic *flugja?, feather;
               fledge vi.（鳥）長羽毛 vt.給（箭）裝上羽毛,把（小鳥）養到能夠飛翔,用羽毛絨羽裝飾,給…裝上羽毛絨毛
      2. from Old English flyht, act of flying, and *flyht, act of fleeing, escape, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ti?;
               flight n.飛翔,飛行;航班;航程;逃跑;樓梯的一段
      3. from Old English fugol, bird, from Germanic *fuglaz, bird, dissimilated from possible (but unlikely) suffixed form *flug-laz;
               fowl n.家禽,禽,禽肉 v.捕野禽
      4. from Middle High German vlügel, wing, from Germanic suffixed form *flug-ilaz.
               flugelhorn 活塞軍號
               fugleman 領導者：帶頭人，尤指政治帶頭人
3. Extended form *pleud?.
   1. from Old English flēotan, to float, swim (from Germanic *fleutan), and Old Norse fljōtr, fleet, swift (from Germanic *fleutaz).
            fleet n.艦隊,船隊
   2. Zero-grade form *plud?.
      1. 1. from Old English flotian, to float;
                  float n.飄浮;漂流物v.浮動;漂浮;傳播;動搖
         2. from Old French floter, to float. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic derivative *flotōn, to float.
                  flotsam 漂浮物
      2. from Old Norse floti, raft, fleet;
               flotilla 小型艦隊
      3. from Old English floterian, flotorian, to float back and forth (-erian, iterative and frequentative suffix);
               flutter vi.振翼,(脈搏|心臟)不規則跳動.vt.使..焦急
      4. from Old Norse flytja, to further, convey, from Germanic *flutjan, to float. a-d all from Germanic *flut?, *flot?.
               flit  n. vi.掠過,遷徙,迅速飛過,(鳥,蝙蝠等)飛來飛去
   3. probably from a Scandinavian source akin to Icelandic flaustr hurry and flaustra to bustle from Germanic *flausta? contracted from suffixed form *flaut-stā? probably from *pleud? o-grade *ploud?
            fluster 忙亂，緊張

[Pokorny pleu? 835, pl(e)u-mon? 837.]

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→4536 : pleu- 逃，飛，跑；流，游 to flee, fly, run; flow, swim
→4537 : pleuk- 絮狀物、毛發、羽毛 floc, hair, feather
→4538 : pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti?o- 肺 lung ;?行_32, ?行_35, ?行_37, ?行_46 ;?身_14, ?身_393 ;?身_11, ?身_51

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---

      plutography 描寫富豪生活：在寫作、戲劇創作或電視節目中對非常富有的人們生活的描述：
      floc  絮凝物：在流體中由于懸浮顆粒的沉淀或聚集而成的絮凝塊

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      plutocrat 財閥
   inflow n.流入,流入物
overflow n.溢出,超值,泛濫,充滿,洋溢 v.(使)泛濫,(使)溢出,(使)充溢
      flew  vbl.fly的過去式
      flier n.飛行者,快車,宣傳單
      flyer n.飛鳥,飛行物,飛行員,飛跳,(廣告)傳單,[美俚]孤注一擲
      flying adj.飛揚的,飛速的 n.飛行,飛花
      fledged 羽翼已豐的
      flightless adj.（鳥或昆蟲）不能飛的
overflight n.飛越領空
      fleeting adj.疾馳的，飛逝的,短暫的,稍縱即逝,翩
      fleetingly adv.飛快地，疾馳地
      floater n.漂浮者,漂浮物,浮子,游民
      floating adj.漂浮的,浮動的,移動的,流動的,不固定的
      floaty adj.能浮起的，吃水淺的
      flotation n.浮游選礦,(公開發行股票)開辦新公司

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?? 聲.085.pneu-:流鼻呼吸 To breathe. (根: pne, pneu, sneer, sneez, snore, snort). To breathe. Imitative root.

1. from Old English fnēosan, to sneeze, from Germanic *fneu-s?.
         sneeze n.噴嚏vi.打噴嚏
2. from Old English fnora, sneezing, from Germanic *fnu-s?.
         snore v.打鼾,打著鼾渡過(時間) n.打鼾,鼾聲
         snort v.噴鼻息 n.噴鼻息
3. from Greek pnein, to breathe, with o-grade nouns pnoiā, -pnoia, breathing, and pnoē, breath.
       apnea n.無呼吸，呼吸暫停,窒息
         dipnoan 肺魚：一種屬于肺魚亞綱的魚類，包括肺魚，其特征為有可改變的肺，從而呼吸大氣中的空氣
   dyspnea n.呼吸困難
     eupnea 呼吸正常：正常的、平靜的呼吸
   hyperpnea 呼吸增強，過度呼吸：不正常的深呼吸或快呼吸
   hypopnea 呼吸不足，呼吸微弱：不正常地慢而淺的呼吸
   polypnea 急促的呼吸；喘氣
   tachypnea 急促的呼吸
4. Suffixed form *pneu-mn?. from Greek pneuma, breath, wind, spirit.
         pneuma 靈魂，精神
         pneumatic adj.裝滿空氣的,有氣胎的,汽力的,風力的,靈魂的 n.氣胎
         pneumato- 表示“空氣；氣體”：
         pneumo- 空氣；氣體：
         amphiuma
5. Germanic variant root *fnes?. from Old English fn?ran, to snort, gnash one's teeth.
         sneer v.冷笑,譏笑,嘲笑 n.冷笑,嘲笑

[Pokorny pneu? 838.]

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→3397 : 2. dhengh- 抓住，抓住，抓住 to get, grip, reach
→4542 : pneu- 喘氣，呼吸 to pant, breathe ;?行_55, ?商_16 ;?身_51

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---

      tachometer 轉速表
      pleurodynia 肋肌痛：肋間肌肉的爆發性的劇烈疼痛和酸痛
      pneumonia n.[醫] 肺炎
      pneumonic 肺的，與肺相關的

---

      tachometer 轉速表

---

---

?? 水.086.pō(i)-:吧嗒喝湯 To drink. (根: pot, pois, beer, bib, bev, pos). To drink. Oldest form *peh₃(i)?, colored to *poh₃(i)?.

1. Basic form *pō(i)?, reduced to *pō? (< *poh₃?).
   1. Suffixed form *pō-to?. from Latin pōtus, drunk; a drink (whence pōtāre, to drink).
            potable 可飲用的
            potation 飲料；暢飲
            potatory 有關飲酒的：飲酒的，與飲酒有關的或嗜酒的
   2. Suffixed form *pō-ti?. from Latin pōtiō, a drink.
            poison n.毒物,毒藥v.放毒,毒害,污染
            potion n.一劑；一服；飲劑
   3. Suffixed form *pō-tlo?, drinking vessel. from Sanskrit pātram, cup, bowl.
            hibachi n.（日本）木炭火盆
   4. Suffixed reduplicated zero-grade form *pi-p?-o? (oldest form *pi-ph₃-o?), whence *pi-bo?, assimilated to *bi-bo?. from Latin bibere, to drink.
            beer  n.啤酒
            beverage n.飲料
            bib    圍嘴
            bibulous 愛喝酒的
        imbibe 喝，飲，吸收
            imbrue 使浸透
   5. Suffixed zero-grade form *p?-ti? (oldest form *ph₃-ti?), *po-ti?. from Greek posis, drink, drinking.
      symposium 一道飲酒:n.討論會，座談會；專題論文集；酒宴，宴會
2. Zero-grade form *pī? (< *pi??).
   1. Suffixed form *pī-ro?. from Slavic *pir?, feast (Old Church Slavonic pir?).
            pierogi 俄式肉餡小卷餅：里面包有各種像是碎肉或蔬菜等材料的半圓形包餅，通常是煮熟后再煎的
            pirozhki 俄國小餡餅：一種俄式小餡餅，以細肉末或白菜做餡，烘烤或煎炸而成
   2. Suffixed (nasal present) form *pī-no?. from Greek pīnein, to drink.
            pinocytosis 胞飲作用，飲液作用，吞飲作用：因細胞膜內陷而將液體注入細胞中，隨后在細胞內形成的細胞泡

[Pokorny 2. pō(i)? 839.]

---

→4545 : 2. pō(i)- : pī-, and (from pō-), po- 去圍嘴，喝酒 to bib, drink ;?吃_13

---

      pirog （某種）俄式餡餅：一種大而扁的、常做成正方或長方形的俄羅斯餡餅，用細肉末或白菜和熟雞蛋碎末做餡
      potamology 河流學

---

      pot    n.罐,壺
      potted adj.盆栽的,瓶或罐裝的,濃縮的
      potter n.陶工,制陶工人
      pottery n.陶器,陶器廠
      poisoner n.毒害者
      poisoning n.中毒
      poisonous a.有毒的,惡意的,惡毒的,道德敗壞的
      beers n. 一杯（或一瓶、一罐）啤酒；啤酒
      beery adj.啤酒的，象啤酒的，啤酒喝醉的

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?? p破.087.porko-:幼豬 Young pig. (根: porc, pork, farr). Young pig. Oldest form *pork?o?, becoming *porko? in centum languages.

1. 1. from Old English fearh, little pig;
            farrow 一窩仔豬
   2. from Middle Dutch diminutive form varken, small pig. Both a and b from Germanic *farhaz.
            aardvark 土豚
2. from Latin porcus, pig.
         porcelain 狀如乳豬陰戶般光潔的貝殼:n.瓷；瓷器adj.瓷制的；精美的
         porcine 像豬的
         pork  n.豬肉
         porcupine 豪豬，箭豬
         porpoise 海豚，鼠海豚

[Pokorny pork?o-s 841.]

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→4547 : pork?o-s 豬，豬(let) porker, pig(let) ;?動_35

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      porker n.食用豬，肥小豬

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      porker n.食用豬，肥小豬

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?? f力.088.poti-:水力勢能 Powerful ; lord. (根: poss, pot, pow, omni). Powerful; lord.

1. from Latin potis (> *pots > pos?), powerful, able.
         podesta 波德斯塔：中世紀意大利的任何一個共和國的最高長官
         possess v.占有,擁有
         power n.力,精力;功率,電力;(數學)冪;權力,勢力
2. from Latin compound posse, to be able (contracted from potis, able + esse, to be; see es- ).
         possible a.可能的,做得到的;合理的;可允許的
         potent adj.有效的，強有力的，有權勢的，有說服力的
     impotent adj.無力的；無效的；虛弱的；陽萎的
   omnipotent 全能的
    prepotent 具有優勢的：比其他人具有更大的力量、影響或權勢；優越的
3. Form *pot?.
   1. Compound *ghos-pot? (see ghos-ti-);
   2. compound *dems-pot? (see dem-).
4. 1. from Sanskrit pati?, lord;
            vanaspati
   2. from Old Persian pati?, master. Both a and b from Indo-Iranian *pati?, lord.
            bashaw 大官，要人
            Padishah 國王，皇帝：伊朗國王的以前正式稱謂
            pasha n.帕夏（舊時奧斯曼帝國和北非高級文武官的稱號，置于姓名后），高級文（武）官

[Pokorny poti-s 842.]

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→4550 : poti-s 主人，丈夫，主人，主人，主人 host, husband, lord, master, owner ;?人_31, ?交_41

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      potency n.效能；力量；潛力；權勢
      potential a.潛在的,可能的n.潛能,潛力

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 dispossess 剝奪
 dispossession n.剝奪
      possessed adj.瘋狂的；著魔的
      possession n.持有,擁有;所有權;所有物;(pl.)財產,財富
      possessive 占有欲強的
      possessor n.<正>擁有者
 prepossessing 嫵媚的，漂亮的
   repossess 收回
   repossession n.取回，恢復,重新占有
self-possessed adj.鎮靜的,冷靜的,沉著的,有自制力的
self-possession n.沉著，泰然自若
overpower vt.制服,壓倒,供給...過強的力量
      powered adj.有動力裝置的，用動力推動的
      powerful a.強大的,有力的,有權的
      powerfully ad.非常地,強有力地
      powerless adj.無能力的
  impossibility n.不可能（性）,不可能的事（情況）
  impossible a.不可能的；難以忍受的，很難對付的
  impossibly adv.不可能地，無法可想
      possibility n.可能,可能性;可能的事,希望
      possibly ad.可能地，也許；無論如何
  impotence n.無能為力,醫陽痿,陰痿
  impotency n.無力，性無能
      potentiality 潛力
      potentially ad.潛在地
omnipotence n.全能，萬能，無限威力

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?? 飛.089.prek-:吹氣祈禱 To ask, entreat. (根: postul, prec, pray). To ask, entreat. Oldest form *prek??, becoming *prek? in centum languages.

1. Basic form *prek?. from *prex, prayer (attested only in the plural precēs), with Latin denominative precārī, to entreat, pray.
         pray  v.請求,懇求;祈禱,祈求
         prayer n.祈禱,禱告,禱文
         precarious 懇求得到的:adj.危險的，不牢靠的
     deprecate 強烈反對
     imprecate 詛咒
         prie-dieu 祈禱臺：狹窄，桌狀的供跪用的凳子，上側有可供放書或手臂的地方，人在祈禱時使用
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *pr?k-sk? becoming *pork-sk?, contracted to *posk? in suffixed form *posk-to?, contracted to *posto?. from Latin postulāre, to ask, request.
         postulate vt.假定；要求；視…為理所當然n.基本條件；假定
     expostulate 抗議，爭執

[Pokorny 4. perk?? 821.]

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→4503 : 4. perk?-, prek?-, pr?k?- 請求、請求/祈禱 to request, ask/pray for ;?說_35

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---

      prayerful adj.常常禱告的，虔誠的
  imprecation 咒罵
      postulation n.假定,公設
  expostulation 規勸，告誡

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?? 飛.090.preus-:凍結燃燒 To freeze, burn. (根: frost, freez, prur, froze). To freeze, burn.

1. from Old English frēosan, to freeze, from Germanic *freusan, to freeze.
         freeze v.使結冰,使凝固
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-to?. from Old English forst, frost, frost, from Germanic *frustaz, frost.
         frost n.霜,霜凍,嚴寒
3. Suffixed form *preus-i?. from Latin denominative prūrīre, to burn, itch, yearn for, from *preusis, *preuris, act of burning.
         prurient 好色的，下作的
         prurigo 癢疹：一種由各種原因引起的慢性皮膚病，癥狀為出現小疹和引起嚴重瘙癢的穹狀的丘疹
         pruritus n.搔癢癥,風癢
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *prus-wīnā?. from Latin pruīna, hoarfrost.
         pruinose 具粉霜的：帶有一層白色粉狀覆蓋物或粉霜的

[Pokorny preus? 846.]

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→4559 : preus- 燃燒，凍結 to burn, freeze ;?天_85, ?感_86

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      frore 嚴寒的：特別冷；冰凍的

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antifreeze n.防凍劑
      freezer n.制冰淇淋者,冷藏工人
      freezing a.冰凍的,嚴寒的
      froze vbl.freeze 的過去式
  unfreeze vt.融化，使解凍
  defrost 解凍
  defroster n.除冰（或霜）裝置，防結冰（或霜）裝置
      frosted adj.被霜覆蓋的,受霜害的
      frostily adv.寒冷地，冷漠地,冷峻地
      frosting n.霜狀白糖,玻璃粉,無光澤面
      frosty adj.結霜的,嚴寒的,霜狀的,冷淡的,(頭發)灰白的,多霜
      prurience n.<正><貶>好色,迷戀,淫欲,（焦躁等的）渴望

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?? 飛.091.prī-:愛喜歡 To love. (根: fri, free, frai, fray). To love. Oldest form *prih_x? (becoming *priy? before vowels).
Derivatives include filibuster, friend, and Friday.

1. Suffixed form *priy-o?.
   1. from Old English frēo, free, and frēon, freogan, to love, set free;
            free  a.自由的;免費的;免稅的;空閑的vt.釋放
   2. from Dutch vrij, free. Both a and b from Germanic *frijaz, beloved, belonging to the loved ones, not in bondage, free, and *frijōn, to love.
            filibuster n.掠奪兵,暴兵,海盜 vi.掠奪,阻饒議事 vt.阻礙議案通過
            freebooter 戰爭掠奪者
2. Suffixed (participial) form *priy-ont?, loving. from Old English frīond, frēond, friend, from Germanic *frijand?, lover, friend.
         friend n.朋友
3. Suffixed shortened form *pri-tu?.
   1. from Old High German fridu, peace;
      Siegfried 齊格弗里德：尼貝龍根之歌 以及其它中世紀日耳曼民族史詩中的英雄武士，其故事從本質上來說同于北歐神話中的原型西格德
   2. from Old French esfreer, to disturb, from Vulgar Latin *exfredāre, to break the peace, from ex?, out, away (see eghs ) + *fridāre, to make peace, from Germanic *frithu?, peace;
         affray 打架
          afraid adj.害怕的，恐懼的；犯愁的，不樂意的
   3. Germanic *frij?, peace, safety, in compound *berg-frij? (see bhergh-²). a-c all from Germanic *frithuz, peace.
4. Suffixed feminine form *priy-ā?, beloved.
   1. from Old Norse Frigg, goddess of the heavens, wife of Odin;
            Frigg 弗麗嘉：古斯堪的納維亞女神，奧丁之妻
   2. from Old English Frīged?g, Friday, from Germanic compound *frije-dagaz, "day of Frigg" (translation of Latin Veneris diēs, "Venus's day"). Both a and b from Germanic *frijjō, beloved, wife.
            Friday n.星期五

[Pokorny prāi? 844.]

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→4554 : prāi-, pr?i-, prī-, pri- 喜歡，感到友好 to like, feel friendly/well-disposed ;?情_28, ?交_51

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      belfry 鐘樓
      Frigga 北歐婚姻女神弗里嘉

---

      freely ad.自由地,慷慨地
      freer n. 給予自由的人或事物； adj. 更自由的
      friendless adj.沒有朋友的，無依無靠的,飄零無依
      friendliness n.友誼,友善
      friendly a.友好的,友誼的
      friendship n.友誼,友好
  unfriendly adv.不友善地,不利地

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?? p破.092.pū?-2:膿包腐爛 To rot, decay. (根: fil, fuzz, putr, pur, foul, fog, pot). To rot, decay. Probably from earlier *puh_x? (becoming *puw? before vowels).
Derivatives include foul, fuzzy, potpourri, and pus.

1. Suffixed form *pū-lo?.
   1. from Old English fūl, unclean, rotten;
            foul  a.邪惡的,下流的.n.犯規.v.弄臟
   2. from Old Norse fūll, foul;
            fulmar 暴風鹱（海鳥）
   3. from Old English f?lth, foulness, from Germanic abstract noun *fūlithō;
            filth n.污穢,污物,不潔,猥褻
   4. from Old English f?lan, to sully, from Germanic denominative *fūljan, to soil, dirty. a-d all from Germanic *fūlaz, rotten, filthy.
            file  n.銼刀;文件,檔案v.銼
            foil n.箔,金屬薄片
        defile ①玷污②山中狹徑
2. Extended form *pug?. from Middle English fog, fogge, aftermath grass, from a Scandinavian source probably akin to Icelandic fūki, rotten sea grass, and Norwegian fogg, rank grass, from Germanic *fuk?.
         fog    n.霧氣，霧v.以霧籠罩，被霧籠罩
3. Extended variant form *pous?. from Low German fussig, spongy, from Germanic *fausa?.
         fuzzy adj.有絨毛的,模糊的,失真的
4. Suffixed form *pu-tri?. from Latin puter (stem putri?), rotten.
         putrescent 腐敗的；將腐爛的
         putrid 腐敗的，腐臭的
         puttanesca 普塔內斯卡
         olla podrida 葷素什錦：放了大量調料的肉和蔬菜的燉煮食品
         potpourri 百花香，集錦，大雜燴
         putrefy 腐敗，腐化
5. Suffixed form *puw-os?.
   1. from Latin pūs, pus;
            purulent 化膿的
            pus 膿
      suppurate 化膿
   2. from Greek puon, puos, pus.
            pyo- 膿，膿液：
6. from Greek compound empuein, to suppurate (en?, in; see en ).
         empyema 積膿：體內積有膿液，尤指在胸膜腔內

[Pokorny 2. pū?? 848.]

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→4567 : 2. pū?- : peu??- 腐爛，發臭 to rot, stink ;?商_29, ?感_26

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---

      putrefaction 腐敗，腐化
  defilement n.弄臟，污辱，污穢
      foulness n.糾纏，卑鄙
      filthy adj.不潔的,污穢的,丑惡的
      foggy adj.霧深的,模糊的,朦朧的,(玻璃窗等)不明凈的
      fuzz  n.細毛,絨毛,警員 vi.變成絨毛狀,作絨毛狀飛散 vt.起毛,使模糊
      fuzzily 模糊不清地
      fuzziness 模糊，模糊性，不清晰,毛絲
suppurative 化膿的

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?? 分.093.dā-:開溝流時 To divide. (根: dem, tim, top, tid, demon, tip, tap, ted). To divide. Oldest form *deh₂?, colored to *dah₂?, becoming *dā?.
Derivatives include democracy, epidemic, demon, and time.

1. Suffixed form *dā-mo?, perhaps "division of society." from Greek dēmos, people, land.
         deme  德謨：古阿提卡的一個鎮
         demos 人民；民眾；古希臘城邦平民；名詞demo的復數形式.
         demotic 人民的，通俗的
         demagogue 蠱惑民心的政客
         demiurge 巨匠造物主
         democracy n.民主,民主制,民主國家
         demography 人口統計學
     endemic 在某群體內的(疫病)n.地方性的；風土的n.地方病
    epidemic a.流行性的;傳染的n.流行病;傳播
   pandemic 全民的(疫病):adj.(疾病等)全國流行的；普遍的n.流行性疾病
2. Variant *dai?, from extended form *da?i?, with zero-grade *dī? (< *di??, metathesized from *d?i?).
   1. Root form *dai?. from Greek daiesthai, to divide.
            geodesy 大地測量學：研究地球大小和形狀的地理科學
   2. Suffixed form *dai-mon?, divider, provider. from Greek daimōn, divinity.
            daimon [demon]的變體
            demon n.魔鬼,極殘忍的人
   3. Suffixed variant form *dī-ti?.
      1. from Old English tīd, time, season;
               tide  n.潮,潮汐;潮流,趨勢
         eventide 黃昏
      2. from Old English denominative tīdan, to happen (< "to occur in time");
      3. from Old Norse tīdhr, occurring;
               tidings 消息，音訊
      4. from Old High German zīt, time. a-d all from Germanic *tīdiz, division of time.
               Yahrzeit 忌日：已故親屬的周年紀念，要著喪服并誦讀經文
               zeitgeber 授時因子,環境鐘
               Zeitgeist 時代精神：時代精神；具有某時期或某代人特征的品味和觀點：
   4. Suffixed variant form *dī-mon?. from Old English tīma, time, period, from Germanic *tīmōn?.
            time  n.時間，時刻；次，回；時代，時期；倍，乘

[Pokorny dā : d?? 175.]

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→3313 : dā- 流動；河流；流動 fluid; river; to flow
→3314 : dā : d?-, and dāi- : d?i-, dī?- 分享，分享 to share, divide ;?天_31, ?天_36, ?行_32 ;?空_232

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      Danube 多瑙河：歐洲中部的一條河流，發源于德國的西南部，全長約2,848公里(1,770英里）向東南流經奧地利、匈牙利、南斯拉夫和羅馬尼亞，注入黑海。從中世紀起一直是主要的商業路線
      Dnieper 第聶伯河：起源于斯摩棱斯克附近的蘇聯西歐部分河流，向南流入黑海。流程2,285公里(1,420英里），9世紀以來即為重要商業水道
      Dniester 德涅斯特河：起源于喀爾巴阡山脈的蘇聯西南部河流，流程1,368公里(850英里）。大體按東南方向在敖德薩市附近流入北海，1918至1940年間成為蘇聯和羅馬尼亞的邊界
      Don Don 縮寫 [D.]先生：西班牙語用于男子名前表示尊稱
condemn v.譴責,指責;判刑,宣告有罪
      damage v./n.損害,毀壞n.(pl.)損害賠償費
      damn int.該死vt.遣責；使失敗a.十足的ad.極
      democratic a.民主的
      dole n.施舍品,悲哀,失業救濟金 vt.發放救濟
      firkin 小桶
      gotterdammerung 徹底垮臺：一個政權或制度結束時的混亂狀況：
   indemnify 賠償，補償
   indemnity 不受損害:n.補償，賠償；保障；賠償物
      ordeal n.嚴酷的考驗,痛苦的經驗,折磨
      tap    n.塞子;水龍頭;n./v.輕打,輕敲;vt.開發
      ted    攤曬：為干燥（例如新割的草）而撒開或鋪開
      tiding vt.順應潮水航行（tide的現在分詞形式）,隨潮漂移；潮汐漲落
      tip    n.尖端;末端;小費n./v.輕擊;傾斜;給小費
      top    n.頂，頂端；首位；頂點a.最高的；頂上的

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      demo  n.演示,民主黨員,樣本唱片
      democratically adv.民主地
      democratization n.民主化
      democratize vt.使民主化；使大眾化vi.民主化；大眾化
  undemocratic adj.不民主的,非民主的
      demographer n.人口學家，人口統計學家
  endemism n.地方特殊性,（動、植物種的）特有分布,地方性生長,（地方性）特有現象
      geodesic 測地線的（曲面上兩點間距離最短的線）
      demonic adj.惡魔的,有魔力的
      demonization 描述成魔鬼；使成為魔鬼
      demonize vt.使成為魔鬼
intertidal adj.高潮線與低潮線之間的
      tidal a.潮汐的,定時漲落的
overtime n.超時.a.超時的,加班的ad.加班
      timed 同步的，定時的，時控的
      timeless adj.永恒的
      timely a.及時的,適時的
      timer n.計時員,定時器
      times n.時期,次
      timing n.適時,時間選擇,定時,調速
  untimely a.|ad.不適時的,不合時宜的.
      taps  n. 熄燈號音；喪葬號音；龍頭
  untapped a.塞子未開的,未開發的,未使用的
      tipped 鑲齒的
      tipper 告密者，給小費者
      tipster 告密者，舉報者
overtop vt.高出，高聳…之上
      topless adj.無頂的,穿袒胸衣的,高得好像望不到頂的
      topmost adj.最高的，最上面的,十
      topped vt. 形成頂部
      topper 高頂帽
      topping adj.高聳的,杰出的,一流的 n.除頂部,修剪樹稍,構成頂部的東西
      tops  adj. 最上等的，第一流的； n. （箱子）蓋；上部；首位；頂

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?? 分.094.dail-:開溝流時 To divide. (根: deal). To divide. Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(h₂)i? (see dā-).

1. from Old English d?lan, to share, from Germanic *dailjan.
         deal  v.處理;做買賣,經營;分配;對待n.交易
2. from Old English dāl, portion, lot, from Germanic *dailaz.
         dole n.施舍品,悲哀,失業救濟金 vt.發放救濟
3. from Old English ordāl, trial by ordeal, from Germanic prefixed form *uz-dailjam, "a portioning out," judgment (*uz?, out; see ud- ).
      ordeal n.嚴酷的考驗,痛苦的經驗,折磨
4. from Middle Dutch deel, part, from Germanic *dailiz.
         firkin 小桶

[In Pokorny dā : d?? 175.]

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      dealer n.經銷商,商人
      dealership n.代理權,經銷權
      dealing n.行為,交易,待人態度,商業往來

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?? --.095.daiwer-:夫之兄弟 Husband's brother. (根:, ). Husband's brother.

      levirate 叔娶嫂制：如古希伯來法律規定的弟弟與寡嫂結婚以維持哥哥的家系的一種風俗 from Latin lēvir, husband's brother.

[Pokorny dāiu?ēr 179.]

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→3315 : dāiu?ēr, genitive daiu?rés 姐夫 brother-in-law ;?人_65

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?? 分.096.dakru-:溝裂流淚 Tear. (根:, ). Tear. Oldest form *dak?ru?, becoming *dakru? in centum languages.

1. 1. from Old English tēar, tehher, tear;
            tear n.(pl.)眼淚vt.撕裂；使…分裂vi.破裂
   2. from Middle Dutch trane, tear, drop. Both a and b from Germanic *tahr?, *tagr?.
            train oil 海生動物油；鯨油：從鯨的鯨脂或其它海洋動物中提取出來的油
2. Suffixed form *dakru-mā?. from Latin lacrima (Archaic Latin dacruma), tear.
         lachrymal 淚的或與淚有關的

[Pokorny dak?ru? 179.]

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?? 指.097.de-:向to流de Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs. (根: de, too, to). Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.

1. Form *dō (possibly instrumental).
   1. 1. from Old English tō, to;
               to    prep.(表示方向)到；向；(表示間接關系)給.
               too    ad.也，還；太，過于；很，非常
      2. from Old High German zuo, ze, to;
               tsimmes 文火燉煮的果菜：在文火上慢煮的蔬菜或水果
      3. from Middle Dutch toe, to, shut. (i)-(iii) all from Germanic *tō.
          tattoo v.刺花樣 n.紋身
   2. Italic *dō in compound *k^wām-dō (see k^wo-).
2. Form *dē (possibly instrumental), perhaps source of forms meaning "from, out of."
   1. from Latin dē, dē?, from;
            de-    去；除；離；解除
   2. from Latin dēterior, worse, from suffixed form *dē-tero?;
            deteriorate v.(使)惡化,衰退
   3. compound *dē-bel-i? (see bel-);
   4. Celtic *dī, from, in compound *eks-dī-sedo? (see sed-).

[Pokorny de? 181.]

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→3319 : de-, do- 我指示的；這里 I-deictic; here ;?說_26

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      debase 敗壞名譽
      decalescence 等溫吸熱，退輝：正在加熱的金屬，其溫度的升高速度驟然減慢，由吸收了熱能的結構變化引起,并導致金屬的顏色變黑
      decurrent 下延的：葉基延莖干向下伸展至插入物以下的：
      deflate vt.放氣；使縮??；緊縮通貨；打擊；使泄氣vi.縮??；物價下降
      deglutinate 從（例如，面粉）中提取麩質
      dement 使發狂
      demersal 底棲的：在水底或靠近水底的水域居住的：
      descend v.下來,下降;遺傳(指財產,氣質,權利)
      detente 緩和
      detumescence 消腫：腫脹縮小，尤指將一個腫脹了的器官的儲存量減少到正常大小
 taptoo
  unto    prep.(=to)到,向,直到

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      deterioration n.變壞,退化,惡化

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?? d語.098.deik-:講明教 To show, pronounce solemnly ; (根: dict, dic, dit, judg, digit, teach, dex, veng, dish, disk, dig, tok, toe). To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects. Oldest form *deik??, becoming *deik? in centum languages.
Derivatives include teach, toe, addict, preach, judge, revenge, and disk.

1. Variant *deig?.
   1. O-grade form *doig?.
      1. from Old English t?can, to show, instruct, from Germanic *taikjan, to show;
               teach vt.教，講授；教導(訓)vi.講課，當教師
      2. 1. from Old English tācen, tācn, sign, mark;
                  token n.表示;標志;記號;代用硬幣a.象征性的
         2. from Old English tācnian, to signify;
              betoken vt.預示，表示
         3. from Gothic taikns, sign;
                  tetchy 易怒的
         4. from Old French tache, teche, mark, stain. (i)-(iv) all from Germanic *taiknam.
                  tachisme 潑色繪畫主義：發源于20世紀50年代的一支法國藝術流派，其特征是在畫布上隨心所欲地潑涂色塊
   2. Zero-grade form *dig?. from Latin digitus, finger (< "pointer," "indicator").
            digit n.阿拉伯數字,手指或足趾,一指寬(約四分之三英寸)
2. Basic form *deik?.
   1. Possibly o-grade form *doik?. from Old English tā, tahe, toe, from Germanic *taihwō.
            toe    n.腳趾,足尖
   2. Basic form *deik?. from Latin dīcere, to say, tell.
            dictate v.口授;(使)聽寫;指令,指示,命令;
            diction 發音，措辭，用語
            dictum 說出來的話:n.格言，聲明
            ditto 同上，同前
            ditty 小調，小曲
        addict 發落，分配:n.有癮的人vt.使上癮，使沉溺。源自古羅馬人對戰俘的稱呼，本意為“待分配的戰利品”，后來延伸為“任人
      benediction 祝福
      condition n.條件，狀況，環境vt.決定；支配；訓練
      contradict v.反駁，否定，與…矛盾
          edict n.法令，布告
       fatidic 預言的：與預言有關的，具有預言特點的；預言的
            herb bennet 水揚梅：一種毛發狀的歐亞大陸植物（歐亞路邊青{ }路邊青屬） ，開小黃花，曾在醫藥上用作止血劑來源
         indict vt.控告，起訴，揭發
         indiction 15年期年度：古羅馬曾用過的一個紀元單位，中世紀的一些歷法也曾沿用，以15年作為一個周期
         indite 寫：作文、賦詩或作曲
      interdict 禁令，禁行圣事令
      juridical 司法的，審判的
      jurisdiction n.司法權，審判權，管轄權
      maledict 被詛咒的
            malison 詛罵
       predict v.預言,預測,預告
      valediction 告別演說
       verdict 真實的話:n.裁定，判決，結論
      veridical 不虛偽的；老實的；真實的
            voir dire 忠實回答宣誓：宣誓后對陪審員或證人的預先審查，以決定他們的能力或是否勝任
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dik-ā?. from Latin dicāre, to proclaim.
        abdicate v.退位，放棄
        dedicate vt.致力于，獻身于
            preach v.鼓吹,布道
       predicament 斷言:n.狀態，困境。源自對亞里士多德所提出的的“范疇”的拉丁語意譯，后來詞義轉變為“狀態”，尤其是不好的狀態，即“
       predicate n.謂詞 v.斷言
   4. Agential suffix *-dik?.
      1. from Latin index, indicator, forefinger (in?, toward; see en );
            index  n.(pl.indexes,indices)索引v.附以索引
            indicate v.指出,指示;表明,暗示
      2. from Latin iūdex (< *yewes-dik?), judge, "one who shows or pronounces the law" (iūs, law; see yewes- );
               judge n.法官;裁判員;鑒定人vt.審判;評論,裁判
           judicial 公正地說:adj.公正的，明斷的，法庭的，審判的
         prejudice n.偏見,成見;損害,侵害v.使抱偏見,損害
      3. from Latin vindex (first element obscure), surety, claimant, avenger.
               vendetta n.族間仇殺,深仇
          vindicate vt.維護；證明…無辜；證明…正確
             avenge vt.替…報仇vi.報復，報仇
            revenge n.報復；復仇vt.報復；替…報仇；洗雪vi.報仇；雪恥
   5. from Greek deiknunai, to show, and noun deigma (*deik-mn?), sample, pattern.
            deictic 指示性的
            deixis （定冠詞等的）指示功能
      apodictic 必然真實的，可明確論證的；無可置疑的
      paradigm 并排顯示:n.范例；詞形變化表
            policy n.政策,方針
   6. Zero-grade form *dik?. from suffixed form *dik-skos, from Greek dikein, to throw (< "to direct an object").
            disk  n.磁盤,圓盤
            dictyosome 高爾基體，網體：植物細胞中的高爾基體
   7. Form *dikā?. from Greek dikē, justice, right, court case.
            dicast 民選代表法官：古雅典每年從6000名市民中選出一名坐在法庭上既行使法官職能又行使陪審團職能的成員
      syndic 公司代理人，大學代表：在商業交易中被指定代表某公司、大學或其它組織的人；商業代理
      theodicy n.（基督教）自然神學，神義論，神正論

[Pokorny deik?? 188.]

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→3325 : deik?- 教書，表演 to teach, show ;?感_55

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      discus 鐵餅
      dish  n.碟子,盤子,菜肴

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      teachable adj.可教的，馴良的
      teacher n.教師(員)，老(導)師
      teachers 名詞teacher的復數形式. n. 教師(總稱)
      teaching n.教學,[宗]教義,教導
      digital a.數字的;數位的;手指的n.數字
      digitally adv.數字
      digitization 數字化
      digitize v.[計]將資料數字化
      digitizer n.數字轉換器
      dictation n.聽寫,口述;命令
      dictator n.獨裁者，命令者
      dictatorial adj.獨裁的，專制的，專橫傲慢的
      dictatorship n.專政
  addicted adj.沉溺于某種嗜好中的
  addiction n.上癮，沉溺；癖嗜
  addictive adj.上癮的
conditional adj.有條件的，假定的n.條件句
conditionality n.受限制性，制約性
conditionally adv.有條件地
conditioned adj.有條件的，習慣于…的
conditioner n.調節者,調節裝置
conditioning n.[心]條件作用,訓練
precondition n.前提 v.預處理
recondition 修復機器
unconditional adj.無條件的，無限制的
unconditioned adj.（反射）無條件的，先天的
contradiction n.反駁，否認；矛盾，不一致
contradictory adj.矛盾的；反對的；反駁的；抗辯的
self-contradictory adj.自相矛盾的
   indictable 可起訴的
   indictment n.起訴書，控告
interdiction 禁運，封鎖
jurisdictional adj.司法的,司法權的,審判權的,管轄權的
 predictability n.可預見性,可預言
 predictable adj.可預言的
 predictably ad.可預言地,不出所料地
 prediction n.預報；預言
 predictive adj.預言性的；成為前兆的
 predictor n.預言者,預報器
  abdication n.退位，辭職,（權力、權利、要求、職責、責任等的）放棄
  dedicated adj.專用的，專注的，獻身的
  dedication n.奉獻；獻身
      preacher n.傳道者,牧師
 predication n.論斷
 predicative 作表語的，謂語的
   indexation 指數化
   indexed adj.編入索引的，被變址的，與生活指數（或物價指數）掛鉤的
   indexical adj.索引的，像索引排列的
   indexing n. 索引
   indices n.index 的復數
   indication n.指出,指示;表明,暗示
   indicative adj.象征的；指示的；表示…的
   indicator n.指示器,壓力計
      judgeship n.法官的地位
      judgment n.判斷
      judgmental adj.審判的
misjudge v.判斷錯
nonjudgmental adj.不按個人道德標準進行評定的，不偏不倚的，客觀的
 prejudge 預先判斷，成見
  judicially adv.依法判決地，公平地
  judiciary adj.司法的；法官的；法院的n.司法部；法官；司法制度
prejudiced adj.懷偏見的
prejudicial 有偏見的，有害的，不利的
 vindication n.辯護；證明無罪
    avenger n.復仇者
paradigmatic adj.范例的,<語>詞形變化（表）的
      diskette n.磁盤，磁碟
      dishy 性感的，有魅力的

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?? 抓.099.dek-1:接收有文 To take, accept. (根: décor, disc, dign, dox, doctor, dain, doct, docu, dec, doc, dog, dex, heter). To take, accept. Oldest form *dek??, becoming *dek? in centum languages.
Derivatives include decent, paradox, and disdain.

1. Suffixed (stative) form *dek-ē?. from Latin decēre, to be fitting (< "to be acceptable").
         decent a.體面的;正派的,合乎禮儀的;合適的
2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye?.
   1. from Latin docēre, to teach (< "to cause to accept");
            docent 非正式教師，臨時教師
            docile 容易教導的:adj.溫順的，馴服的，容易教的
            doctor n.醫生;博士vt.授以博士學位;診斷;修改
            doctrine 教的內容:n.教義，教條，信條，主義，學說
            document n.公文,文獻
   2. from Greek dokein, to appear, seem, think (< "to cause to accept or be accepted").
            dogma 相信是真的:n.教條，教理；武斷的意見
            dogmatic adj.教條的；武斷的
      chionodoxa
            Docetism 基督教幻影說：一種與諾斯替派有關的學說。認為基督不具人身，其死于十字架上只是幻影
            doxology n.（歌頌上帝的）榮耀頌，贊美辭
            heterodox 異端的
      orthodox adj.正統的；傳統的；慣常的；東正教的n.正統的人；正統的事物
      paradox 相互對抗的觀點:n.悖論，反論；似非而是的論點；自相矛盾的人或事
3. Suffixed form *dek-es?.
   1. from Latin decus, grace, ornament;
            décor 裝飾，裝璜
            decorate v.裝飾,裝璜,布置
   2. from Latin decor, seemliness, elegance, beauty.
            decorous adj.端莊得體的,厚重
4. Suffixed form *dek-no?. from Latin dignus, worthy, deserving, fitting.
         dainty n.美味adj.美味的，講究的，挑剔的，秀麗的
         deign 屈尊
         dignity n.(舉止,態度等的)莊嚴,端莊;尊貴,高貴
   condign 應得的
         dignify 使尊貴
    disdain vt.鄙棄n.蔑視
      indign {古語} 不值得的
      indignant adj.憤怒的，憤慨的,憤憤不平的,激憤
      indignation n.憤怒，憤慨，氣憤
5. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske?. from Latin discere, to learn.
         disciple 將知識拿走的人:n.門徒，弟子
         discipline n.紀律,學科
6. from Greek dekhesthai, to accept.
         dowel 暗榫
   pandect 總論，綱要：詳細的摘要或整個論文
   synecdoche 舉偶法，提喻法
7. Suffixed o-grade form *dok-o?. from Greek dokos, beam, support.
   diplodocus 梁龍

[Pokorny 1. dek?? 189.]

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→3326 : 1. dek?- 接受 to take ;?商_13

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ambidextrous 左右手都靈活的
      destrier 一匹戰馬
      dexter 右邊的；幸運的；右側的
      dexterity n.靈巧；敏捷；機敏
      dextro- 向右的；右邊的：

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      decency n.正派；體面；莊重；合乎禮儀；禮貌
   indecency 下流，猥褻
   indecent adj.粗鄙的，猥褻的,不適當的，不合適的,不禮貌的,不得體的
      docility n.容易教，易駕駛，馴服
      doctoral adj.博士的
      doctorate n.博士頭銜
      doctoring n.電鍍層修補（用局部沉積金屬的方法），刮除
postdoctoral 博士后的
      doctrinal adj.學說的，教義的；教誨的
      doctrinally 教義的；學理上的；教理的
   indoctrinate 教導，強行灌輸
   indoctrination n.教化；教導
      documentary adj.記錄的，文件的，紀實的n.紀錄片
      documentation n.文件，證明文件，史實，文件編制
  undocumented adj.無正式文件的，無事實證明的
      dogmatically 獨斷地.；教義上
      dogmatism 教條主義
      dogmatist n.獨斷家，獨斷論者
      heterodoxy n.非正統，異端
orthodoxy n.正統；正教；正統說法
unorthodox adj.非正統的,異教的,異端的
paradoxical adj.矛盾的；詭論的；似非而是的
paradoxically ad.相矛盾地,似非而是地,反常地
      decoration n.裝飾(品)
      decorative adj.裝飾性的，裝潢用的
      decorator n.室內裝潢師
      redecorate 重新裝修
      decorum n.禮儀；禮貌；端正；恪守禮儀
      indecorous 不得體的
      daintily adv.優美地,可口地,難取悅地,講究地
   indignity n.侮辱，輕蔑，有傷尊嚴，無禮舉動
      dignified adj.莊嚴的；有尊嚴的；高貴的
 disdainful adj.輕蔑的，蔑視的
 disdainfully adv.輕蔑地，藐視地，倨傲地
      discipleship n.做弟子的身份（期間）
      disciplinarian n.實施紀律者，嚴格紀律信奉者
      disciplinary adj.訓練的,訓誡的,規律的
   indiscipline 無原則
interdisciplinary 各學科間的
self-discipline n.自我訓練，自我修養,自律
self-disciplined adj.有自我約束力的，能律己的,有紀律

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?? 抓.100.dekm?:雙手十百 Ten. (根: cent, teen, centen, dec, decim, Dece, gen, ten, den, dean, hund, hecatom, dick, din, doy). Ten. Oldest form *dek?m?, becoming *dekm? in centum languages.
Derivatives include ten, December, decimate, dean, hundred, century, and hecatomb.

1. Basic form *dekm?.
   1. 1. from Old English tīen, ten;
               ten    num.十pron./a.十(個，只...)
      2. Old Norse tjan, ten, in compound āttjān (see oktō(u)). Both a and b from Germanic *tehun.
   2. from Old English suffix -tēne, -tīne, -t?ne, ten, -teen, from Germanic *tehan.
      eighteen num.十八，十八個
        fifteen num.十五pron./a.十五(個，只...)
      fourteen num.十四，十四個
      nineteen num./a.十九pron.十九(個，只...)
      seventeen num.十七 n.十七個
       sixteen num.十六
       thirteen num./a.十三pron.十三(個，只...)
   3. from Latin decem, ten.
            deci- 十分之一(10-1)：
            decimal adj.小數的；十進位的n.小數
            decimate vt.十中抽一，取十分之一；大批殺害
            decuple 數量為十倍的；十倍的
            decurion 十人隊隊長：在古羅馬軍隊中，對十個人發號施令的軍官
            dicker 討價還價
            dime n.一角硬幣
            December n.十二月
            decemvir 十大執政官之一：作為古羅馬國家首腦的十大執政官之一，尤指公元前 451年和450年被指定起草法典的其中一二人
            decennary 十年間的：十年間的，與十年這段期間有關的
            decennium 十年期；十年
            decussate 交叉成X形；交叉
            dozen n.一打,十二個
      duodecimal 十二進制；十二進制的；十二進位的
      octodecimo 十八開本：紙張尺寸，4英寸乘6?英寸，可印制裝訂成18張或36頁的書
      sextodecimo 十六開：一本由印刷紙折疊為16張或32頁組成的書的書頁大小
   4. from irregular Latin distributive dēnī, by tens, ten each (formed by analogy with nōnī, nine each).
            denarius 迪納里厄斯：一種古羅馬銀幣
            denary 十倍的
            denier 旦，旦尼爾（測量尼龍線，絲線等的纖度單位）
            dinar 第納爾（中東和北非等國貨幣單位）
   5. from Greek deka, ten.
            dean  n.(大學)院長;主持牧師;(基督教)教長
            deca- 十：
            decade n.十年
            doyen 元老
            decagon 十邊形；十角形
            Decalogue {圣經} 十誡
        dodecagon 十二邊形
2. Germanic *tigu?, ten, decad (of uncertain formation, as though < *deku?), in compound *twēgentig (see dwo-).
3. Ordinal number *dekm?to?. from Old English teogotha, tēotha, tenth, from Germanic *teguntha?.
         tenth num.第十,十分之一
         tithe 什一稅
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *-dkm?-tā?, reduced to *-km?tā?, and lengthened o-grade form *-dkōm-tā?, reduced to *-kontā?.
   1. from Latin -gintā, ten times.
      nonagenarian 九十多歲的人
      octogenarian 八旬老人
            Septuagint 七十子希臘文本圣經：公元前 3世紀制成的《圣經·舊約》的希臘文本
      sexagenary 六十多歲的：和六十多歲有關的
   2. from Greek *-konta, ten times.
            Pentecost 五旬節，圣靈降臨節
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *dkm?-tom, hundred, reduced to *km?tom.
   1. from Old English hundred, from dialectal North and West Germanic *hund(a)-rada? (-rada?, from Germanic *radam, number; see ar- ), from Germanic *hundam, hundred.
            hundred num.百，一百；[pl.]許多a.一百的；許多
   2. Germanic compound *thūs-hundi, "swollen hundred," thousand (see teu?-).
   3. from Latin centum, hundred.
            cent  n.分(幣);百percent百分之
            cental 參見 [hundredweight]
            centavo 分：使用于阿根廷、玻利維亞、巴西、佛得角、哥倫比亞、古巴、多米尼加共和國、厄瓜多爾、薩爾瓦多、危地馬拉、幾內亞比紹、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、菲律賓、葡萄牙、圣多美和普林西比等國家的一種貨幣單位參見 [currency]
            centenarian n.&adj.百歲或逾百歲以上的（人），百歲老人（的）
            centenary n.一百年 adj.一百年的
            centesimal 百分之一的：關于或分成一百份的
            centi- 百分之一（10-2）：
            centime 生?。阂环N用于以下國家的貨幣單位：阿爾及利亞、比利時、貝寧、布基納法索、布隆迪、喀麥隆、中非共和國、乍得、科摩羅、剛果、吉布提、法國、加蓬、海地、象牙海岸、列支敦士登、盧森堡、馬達加斯加、馬里、摩納哥、摩洛哥、尼日爾、盧旺達、塞內加爾、瑞士、多哥及瓦努阿圖參見 [currency]
            centner 森特納：使用于德國和斯堪的納維亞與英擔相當的一種重量單位，等于50公斤（110.23磅）
            centum 顎音類的：保留了軟顎音{k}、{g}、{gh} 與圓唇軟顎音 {k} w，g w，g wh. 之間反映形式區別的印歐語系語言的、與之相關的或由之組成的
            century n.世紀,(一)百年
            centennial adj.一百年的，百年紀念
      cinquecento 16世紀意大利文藝：16世紀，特指意大利藝術和文學中的16世紀
       percent n.(percent)百分之...的
      quattrocento n.十五世紀（歐洲文藝復興的初期）
       seicento 第17世紀：指意大利文學藝術史上的第17世紀
            sen 錢：日本的貨幣單位之一參見 [currency]
            seniti 分：湯加的一種貨幣單位參見 [currency]
      sexcentenary 有關六百或六百年的
        trecento n.十四世紀，意大利文藝中的十四世紀
   4. from Greek hekaton, a hundred (? dissimilated from *hem-katon, one hundred; *hem?, one; see sem- ¹).
            hecatomb n.（古希臘或羅馬）（源于祭獻百牛的）百牲祭,大犧牲，大屠殺
            hecto- 表示“百”(102)：
   5. from Avestan sat?m, hundred.
            satem 絲音語言的：指印歐語系中的幾種，包括印度-伊朗、亞美尼亞、阿爾巴尼亞和波羅的海-斯拉夫語族，在這些語族中，原始的阻塞音變為摩擦音（如{k} O

[Pokorny dek?m? 191.]
See also compound root wīkm?tī-.

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→3328 : dek?m?, dek?m?-t, dek?u- 十年，十年 ten, decade ;?算_12

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      centas 立分：立陶宛貨幣單位
      qindarka 昆因塔：阿爾巴尼亞的一種貨幣單位參見 [currency]
quadricentenary 四百周年紀念：第四百年的紀念日或是慶?；顒?/span>
quincentenary 五百周年紀念
quindecennial 每十五年發生一次的
quinquagenarian 五十歲的人：五十歲的人、或處于五十歲至六十歲之間的人
      quintal 公擔：一質量單位，在公制體系中相當于100千克
      stotinka 斯托丁卡：保加利亞貨幣單位參見 [currency]
      tenfold adv.& adj.十倍地（的）
      triskaidekaphobia 十三數恐怖：對數目十三的不正常的恐怖

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      tenths n.第十（個）( tenth的名詞復數 ),十分之一,第十的，第十個的,十分之一的
eighteenth num.第十八,十八分之一
fourteenth num.第十四 n.第十四,每月的第十四日,十四分之一 adj.第十四的,十四分之一的
nineteenth num.第十九
seventeenth num.第十七,十七分之一
 sixteenth num.第十六,十六分之一
 thirteenth adj.第十三的,十三分之一的 n.第十三,十三分之一
      decimation n.多數人的殺害,大量毀滅
      deanery 主任牧師辦公室
      tithing n.什一的課稅，十家區
      hundredth num.第100個,百分之一,第一百號,第一百個 adj.第一百的,第一百個的
   bicentenary 200周年
   bicentennial n.二百年，二百周年紀念

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?? 抓.101.deks-:右手南方 Right (opposite left) ; hence, south (根: dex). Right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east). Oldest form *dek?s?, becoming *deks? in centum languages. Suffixed form *deks(i)-tero?.

      destrier 一匹戰馬
      dexter 右邊的；幸運的；右側的
      dexterity n.靈巧；敏捷；機敏
      dextro- 向右的；右邊的：
ambidextrous 左右手都靈活的 from Latin dexter, right, on the right side.

[In Pokorny 1. dek?? 189.]
Compare ner-¹.

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?? 長.102.del-1:滴流長 Long. (根: long, leng, ling, loung, lend, cephal, loin, lung). Long.
Derivatives include linger, Lent, longitude, and lunge.

1. Probably extended and suffixed zero-grade form *dlon-gho?.
   1. 1. from Old English lang, long, long;
               long  a.長的，長時間的，長期的ad.長久，長期地
             along ad.向前；和...一起，一同prep.沿著，順著
               longshore adj.沿岸的，在海岸工作的
      2. from Old High German lang, long;
               langlauf 速度滑雪
      3. from Old English gelang, along;
           belong v.(to)屬于,附屬,隸屬;應歸入(類別,范疇等)
      4. from Old English denominative langian, to grow longer, yearn for, from Germanic *langōn;
      5. from Old English lengan, to prolong (possibly influenced by Old Norse lengja, to lengthen), from Germanic *langjan, to make long;
               linger v.逗留,閑蕩
      6. from Latin compound Longobardus, Langobardus (with Germanic ethnic name *Bardi). a-f all from Germanic *langaz, long.
               Lombard 隆巴德，卡羅爾：([1908-1942]) 美國女演員，以其在多部影片中的滑稽表演而著名，其中包括《凡人》 （1931年）和 《我男人格德弗雷》 （1936年）
   2. 1. from Old English lengthu, length;
               length n.長,長度;一段,一節,程度,范圍
      2. from Old English lengten, lencten, spring, Lent, from West Germanic *langitinaz, lengthening of day;
               Lent 大齋節；lend的過去式.
      3. from Middle English lenge, ling, ling, from a Low German source akin to Dutch lenghe, linghe, "long one." a-c all from Germanic abstract noun *langithō.
               ling  鱈魚，歐石楠
   3. from Latin longus, long.
            longeron 機身大梁：飛機機身從機頭至機尾的一個主要構件
            longitude n.經度；經線
            lounge n.閑逛,休閑室,長沙發 vi.閑蕩,懶洋洋地躺臥 vt.虛度光陰
            eloign 隱匿：移去或帶至遠處，尤指為了隱藏
          elongate 伸長
            longevity n.長壽
            lunge n.刺,刺進,躍進,套馬索 v.突進,刺
        oblong 長方形的，橢圓形的
       prolong 向前延長vt.拖延，延長
       purloin 偷竊，擅自使用
2. Possibly suffixed variant form *dl??-gho?. from Greek dolikhos, long.
   dolichocephalic 長頭的：指頭蓋骨指數在76以下的
         dolichocranial 長顱的：頭蓋骨指數在74.9或更少的

[Pokorny 5. del? 196.]

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→3333 : 5. del- 長的 long ;?空_57

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      indulge v.縱容,沉溺
      longhorn 長角牛

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      lengthen v.（使）延長，變長，加長
      lengths n. 長度，指距離或時間
      lengthy a.冗長的
      longer ad.|a.比較久(的)
      longest adj. 最長的
      longing n.渴望，熱望，憧憬adj.渴望的
      longingly adj.渴望地，切望地
      longish adj.稍長的，略長的
      lingering adj.延遲的,逗留不去的
      longitudinal adj.經度的,縱向的
      lounger n.游手好閑的人,憩息用的家具,休閑服 vi.閑蕩，閑逛，虛度
    elongation n.延長,延長線,<機>延伸率,<天>距（角）
 prolongation n.延伸，延長部分,拓展
      lend  vt.借給,貸(款)
      lending n.出借,出租,貸款,出借物,出租物

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?? d語.103.del-2:流傳說 To recount, count. (根: tell, talk, tall, tal, told, sed). To recount, count. O-grade form *dol?.

1. from Old English tellan, to count, recount, from Germanic *taljan.
         tell  vt.告訴，講述；告誡；吩咐，命令；辨/區別
2. from Old English get?l, quick, ready, from West Germanic *(ge?)tala?.
         tall  a.(身材)高的,高大的；夸大的,離譜的
3. 1. from Old English talu, story;
            tale  n.故事,傳說
   2. from Middle Dutch tāle, speech, language. Both a and b from Germanic *talō.
            Taal 塔阿爾湖：菲律賓呂宋島西南部，位于馬尼拉以南。內有火山島，是活火山塔爾山 的所在地
4. from Middle English talken, to talk, from a source probably akin to Old English denominative talian, to tell, relate.
         talk  n.談話；聊天；講話；演講v.說話；交談
5. Perhaps Greek dolos, ruse, snare
         dolerite 粗玄巖，輝綠巖：一種暗色微?；鸪蓭r；輝綠巖
         sedulous 勤勉的，勤奮的

[Pokorny 1. del? 193.]

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→3329 : 1. del- 說，數，算 to tell, count, calculate ;?商_66

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foretell vt.預言，預示
   retell vt.重講
      teller n.講話的人,告訴的人
      telling adj.有效的,明顯的,生動的
      tellingly adv. 有效地；顯著地
  untold a.未說過的,未透露的
      tallish adj.稍高的，身材較高的
      tallness n.高，高度
      tales n. 故事；謊言；補缺陪審員
      talkative adj.多話的,愛說話的,多嘴的
      talker n.健談者,空談者,講話的人
      talking n.講話,（表示對所說的事情感興趣） 你這話說著了,提起,說到 adj.會說話的,講話的,饒舌的,富于表情的 v.說( ta
      talky adj.說話過多的，多對話的

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?? 家.104.dem-:房門家國 House, household. (根: dom, domin, dang, dam, don, des, timb, dem). House, household.
Derivatives include dome, domestic, and timber.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dom-o?, *dom-u?, house.
   1. from Latin domus, house;
            dome  n.圓屋頂
            domestic a.家里的;本國的;馴養的
            domicile 住所
      major-domo 總管
   2. suffixed form *dom-o-no?. from Latin dominus, master of a household (feminine domina).
            dame  n.夫人,(英國)女爵士(的頭銜)
            Dan 但：在舊約全書中，雅各的兒子和以色列的一個部落的祖先
            danger n.危險;威脅;危險事物
            Dom    老爺：用在教名前，舊時表示對葡萄牙和巴西皇室、貴族、宗教集團人物的尊稱
            domain 所有權:n.領域，產業，地產
            domaine 葡萄園,莊園
            dominate v.支配,統治,控制;占優勢
            dominical 主的，基督的
            dominie 教士
            dominion n.主權，統治權，支配，領土
            domino n.骨牌,多米諾骨牌,面具,帶面罩及頭巾的外衣
            don    n.先生,閣下,指導教師
            Donna 女士：在說意大利語的地區用于婦女名字前的尊稱
            dungeon n.地牢
      belladonna 顛茄
            duende 通過個人的魅力吸引他人的能力
       Madam  {復數} [Mes.dames][mā-d?m?, -d?m?] 夫人：原用作禮貌的稱呼，放在婦女的名字之前，但現只用于姓或頭銜之前表示地位或官職：
       Madame 夫人，女士：在講法語地區用在已婚婦女姓或姓名前的尊稱：
       Mademoiselle 小姐：在講法語地區用于女孩或未婚婦女的姓或姓名之前的禮貌的稱呼：
       Madonna 圣母瑪利亞；圣母像
       predominate v.主宰，支配，占優勢
2. Possibly suffixed lengthened-grade form *dōm-n?. from Greek dōma, house.
3. Compound *dems-pot?, "house-master" (*-pot?, powerful; see poti-). from Greek despotēs.
         despot 暴君
4. Root form *dem(?₂)?, to build (possibly a separate root).
   1. from Old English timber, building material, lumber, from Germanic *timram;
            timber n.木材,木料
   2. from Old Norse topt, homestead, from Germanic *tumftō.
            toft 宅地

[Pokorny dem? 198.]

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→3334 : dem-, dem?- 建造，木材；房屋，住所 to build, timber; house, domicile ;?住_12, ?工_44

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 beldam 老婦人：老婦女，尤指被認為丑陋的
      dam    n.水壩,水閘
      Despina 德斯皮那衛星：海王星的衛星，是距海王星第三遠的衛星

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      domestically ad.家庭式地,國內地
      domesticity n.家庭生活
      dangerous a.危險的，不安全的
      dangerousness n.危險
  endanger vt.危及
  endangerment n.危害,受到危害
      domination n.控制，支配
      donnish 學究式的
 predominance n.優勢；卓越
      despotic adj.專制暴君的，似暴君的，專橫的,暴虐,豪,豪強
      despotism n.專制，專制統治

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?? 家.105.dem?-:家馴服 To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses). (根: daun, dam, tam, domit). To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses). Oldest form *demh₂?.

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dom(?)-o?. from Old English tam, domesticated, from Germanic *tamaz.
         tame  a.馴服的,溫順的;沉悶的,乏味的vt.馴服
2. O-grade form *dom??. from Latin domāre, to tame, subdue.
         daunt 畏懼
      indomitable 不屈不撓的
3. Zero-grade form *dm???. from Greek damān, to tame (> adamās, unconquerable, from *n?-dm??-nt?).
       adamant adj.堅硬的
         diamond n.金鋼石,鉆石;菱形

[Pokorny (dem??) 199.]

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→3335 : dem?-, dom?-, dom?- 馴服 to tame ;?動_11

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      doe n.母鹿,雌兔等 (美國)能源部 DoE(Department of Energy)

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      tamer 馴獸師
  undaunted adj.大無畏的,勇敢的
    adamantly adv.堅決地，堅定不移地，堅強不屈地

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?? 咬.106.dent-:牙齒狀 Tooth. *ed-ent-, biting (根: dent, tooth, odon, dand, tusk). Tooth. Originally *h₁d-ent?, "biting," present participle of ed- in the earlier meaning "to bite."

1. O-grade form *dont?. from Old English tōth, tooth, from Germanic *tanthuz.
         tooth n.(pl.teeth)牙齒；齒狀物；
2. Zero-grade form *dn?t?. from Old English tūsc, tūx, canine tooth, from Germanic *tunth-sk?.
         tusk  n.長牙.vt.以牙刺戳
3. Full-grade form *dent?. from Latin dēns (stem dent?), tooth.
         dental a.牙齒的；牙科(用)的
         dentate 鋸齒狀的；齒狀的；有齒的
         denti- 牙齒：
         denticle 小牙齒或齒狀突起
         dentist n.牙醫
         dandelion 獅子的牙齒n.蒲公英
       edentate 無齒的；貧齒類；貧齒類的
       edentulous 無牙的；沒有牙齒的
      indent 縮格，下訂單
      indenture 師徒契約
      trident 三叉戟
4. O-grade variant form *?dont?, ultimately becoming odont? in Greek from Greek odōn, odous, tooth.
        -odon 具有特定牙齒的動物：
        -odont 有特定種類牙齒的：
         odonto- 牙狀物：
   dimetrodon 如此完好
   diprotodon 雙齒龍
   mastodon n.乳齒象，龐然大物

[In Pokorny ed? 287.]

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      toothless adj.無齒的
      toothy 露齒的
   indentation n.縮排,呈鋸齒狀,缺口,印凹痕

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?? t轉.107.der-2:撕皮流淚 To split, peel, flay ;; skin and leather. (根: tear, der, tart, derma, tur). To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather.

1. from Old English teran, to tear, from Germanic *teran.
         tear  n.(pl.)眼淚vt.撕裂；使…分裂vi.破裂
2. from Old English teart, sharp, severe, from Germanic *ter-t?.
         tart  adj.酸的,辛辣的,尖酸的,刻薄的 vt.打扮 n.果餡餅,小烘餅,妓女
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dr?-tom, "something separated or discarded." from Old English tord, turd, from Germanic *turdam, turd.
         turd  糞，狗屎
4. Reduplicated form *de-dr-u?. from Old English tet(e)r, eruption, skin disease.
         tetter 皮疹：多種以發疹和搔癢以癥狀的皮膚病，如濕疹、牛皮癬或皰疹
5. Suffixed form *der-mn?. from Greek derma, skin.
        -derm 皮膚；覆蓋物：
         derma 參見 [dermis]
        -derma 皮膚；皮膚?。?/span>
         dermato- 皮膚：
    epidermis 表皮
6. from Sanskrit darati, he splits.
         dahl 達爾，羅爾德：英國的小說作家及電影劇本作家，以兒童讀物最為著名，包括《詹姆斯和巨桃》 （1961年）以及 《查理與巧克力工廠》 (1964年)
         Dalit 達利特人，印度賤民
         dhurrie 印度棉布：產于印度的平織棉布

[Pokorny 4. der? 206.]

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→3316 : dak?ru- 眼淚(從眼睛上) tear (from the eye)
→3344 : 4. der-, heavy-base der?-, drē- 割傷、剝皮、裂開、撕裂 to cut, skin, split, tear ;?情_38 ;?身_12, ?工_22, ?工_27

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      lacrimal adj.淚腺的，淚的，滿是淚水的
      derris 魚藤屬植物：一種熱帶亞洲的魚藤屬 的木本植物，其根會產生能殺死昆蟲的魚藤酮
phelloderm 栓內層：在內部由軟木新生層產生的組織
      tare 莠草，雜草

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      tearful adj.含淚的
      tearfully adv.淚汪汪地，流淚地
      tore vbl.tear的過去式
      tartlet n.小形的果子餡餅

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?? 聽.108.derk-:毒龍眼看 To see. (根: drag, drak, rank, tarr). To see. Oldest form *derk??, becoming *derk? in centum languages.

Suffixed zero-grade form *dr?k-on(t)?.
      dragon n.龍
      dragoon 騎兵
      drake 公鴨
      tarragon n.[植]龍嵩,龍嵩葉
      rankle 化膿，發炎，使痛苦，使怨恨 from Greek drakō, serpent, dragon (< "monster with the evil eye").

[Pokorny derk?? 213.]

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→3349 : derk?- 看 to look ;?感_52

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      tarn 山中小湖

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?? 纏.109.deru-:年輪樹真 To be firm, solid, steadfast ; hence specialized senses wood,tree (根: trust, dur, truth, tro, tru, dendro, dry, tree, trim, tar, drup, trig, deo, ter, tra, try). Also dreu-.
To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses "wood," "tree," and derivatives referring to objects made of wood.
Derivatives include tree, trust, betroth, endure, and druid.

1. Suffixed variant form *drew-o?.
   1. from Old English trēow, tree, from Germanic *trewam;
            tree  n.樹,樹狀物vi.爬上樹
   2. from Old English trēow, pledge, from Germanic *treuwō.
            truce 契約:n.停戰，休戰，休戰協定v.停戰，停止爭執
2. Variant form dreu?.
   1. from Old English trēowe, firm, true;
            true  真的，真實的：與事實或現實一致的；真的，正確的參見 [real1]參見 [fact]
   2. from Old English trēowian, trūwian, to trust;
            trow  {古語} 想
   3. from Old Norse tryggr, firm, true;
            trig  adj.瀟灑的,制輪具
   4. from Old English trēowth, faith, loyalty, truth, from Germanic abstract noun *treuwithō;
            troth 誓言，訂婚
            truth n.真實，真相；真實性；真理
        betroth vt.將某人許配給，訂婚
   5. from Old Norse traust, confidence, firmness, from Germanic abstract noun *traustam;
            trust vt.信任;盼望;委托n.(in)信任,依賴;委托
   6. from Old French triste, waiting place (< "place where one waits trustingly"), probably from a source akin to Old Norse denominative treysta, to trust, make firm. a-f all from Germanic *treuwaz.
            tryst 約會，幽會
3. Variant form *drou?. from Old English trēg, trīg, wooden board, from Germanic *traujam.
         tray  n.盤,碟,托盤
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-ko?.
   1. from Old English trog, wooden vessel, tray;
            trough n.槽,水槽,飼料槽,木缽
   2. from Old Norse trog, trough. Both a and b from Germanic *trugaz.
            trug  淺筐
5. Suffixed zero-grade form *dru-mo?.
   1. from Old English trum, firm, strong;
            trim  a.整齊的,整潔的v./n.整理,修整,裝飾
   2. from Old English truma, troop. Both a and b from Germanic *trum?.
      shelter n.掩蔽處;掩蔽,保護v.掩蔽,躲避,庇護
6. Variant form *derw?. from Old English te(o)ru, resin, pitch (obtained from the pine tree), from Germanic *terw?.
         tar    n.焦油,柏油
7. Suffixed variant form *drū-ro?. from Latin dūrus, hard (many of whose English derivatives represent a semantic cross with Latin dūrāre, to last long; see deu?- ).
         dour adj.嚴厲的；頑強的；陰沉的；不愛講話的
         duramen 參見 [heartwood]
         duress 脅迫
         durum 硬質小麥
         durain 暗煤,杜蘭
         dura mater 硬腦（脊）膜：一種堅韌的纖維膜，覆蓋腦與脊髓，在顱骨內表面亦有分布，是包圍腦與脊髓的三種腦（脊）膜中的最外一層
     endure v.忍受,持久,持續
      indurate 鞏固起來；使堅固；使硬化；硬化；硬的
     obdurate 固執的
8. Lengthened zero-grade form *drū?. from Greek drūs, oak.
         drupe 核果：一種多肉水果，一般有一顆內包種子的硬果核，如桃、李或櫻桃等也作 [stone fruit]
         dryad 樹精
         Dryopithecus 森林古猿,水母
         germander 美洲石蠶：一種石蠶 屬通常芳香的植物，有帶紫或紅色的花朵
   hamadryad {希臘神話} {羅馬神話} 樹精：樹木女神，與她所附體的樹同壽
9. Reduplicated form *der-drew?, dissimilated with suffix in *der-drew-on. from Greek dendron, tree.
         dendro- 樹；象樹的：
         dendron 參見 [dendrite]
   philodendron n.愛樹木的人
   rhododendron n.[植]北美杜鵑,杜鵑花
10. from Latin druides, druids, probably from Celtic compound *dru-wid?, "strong seer" (*wid?, seeing; see weid- ), the Celtic priestly caste.
          druid 德魯伊祭司；德魯伊教士
11. O-grade form *doru?. from Sanskrit dāru, wood, timber.
          deodar 雪松：一種高大的西洋杉，（雪松{ }雪松屬） ，原產于喜馬拉雅山脈，樹枝下垂，葉子黑綠色，在印度是一種重要的木材

[Pokorny deru? 214.]

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→3350 : deru-, dō?ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu??- : drū- 堅固的；樹的，木頭的 firm, solid; tree, wood ;?天_42, ?天_43, ?感_74

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axletree 車軸，軸干：支撐如二輪馬車等交通工具的橫梁或棍棒，輪子圍繞其上的軸心末端轉動
      dendrobium 石槲蘭：數量繁多的蘭花種屬中的任何一種石槲蘭 ，主要生長于位于熱帶或亞熱帶的亞洲、澳大利亞和太平洋諸島
      dryopithecine 森林古猿：一種絕種森林古猿屬 猿，發現于中新世和上新世東半球化石中，被認為是類人猿和人類的祖先
      trouse

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      treeless adj.無樹木的
      truism 自明之理，老生常談的道理
      truly ad.真正地,忠實地
      truthful adj.真實的，誠實的
      truthfully adv.誠實地
      truths n. 真實性；真理；真相；事實
  untrue adj.不真實的；不合標準的；不忠實的；不正當的
  untruth n.謊言,不真實，虛假
  untruthful adj.不真實的,愛說謊的，不說實話的
  betrothal 訂婚
 distrust n.|vt.不信任,懷疑
 distrustful adj.不信任的，懷疑的，可疑的
  entrust v.委托
mistrust n.|v.不信任,猜疑
mistrustful adj.不信任的，不相信的
      trustee n.托管人,保管人,理事
      trusteeship 受托人職責
      trustful adj.（太）相信別人的，充滿信任的，無疑心的 adv.充滿信任地
      trusting adj.信任的,信賴的
      trustingly adv.相信地，信賴地
      trusty adj.可信賴
      trimmer 修剪機
      tare  莠草，雜草

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?? 流.110.deu-1:流軟缺二 To lack, be wanting. (根: tir). To lack, be wanting.

1. Possibly suffixed form *deu-s?.
   1. from Old English tēorian, tyrian, to fail, tire (< "to fall behind"), from Germanic *teuzōn;
            tire  v.(使)疲倦,(使)厭倦n.(=tyre)輪胎,車胎
   2. from Greek dein, to lack, want.
            deontology 義務論；道義論
2. Suffixed form *deu-tero?. from Greek deuteros, "missing," next, second.
         deutero- 第二；第二的：
         deuteragonist 配角：在傳統希臘戲劇中，僅次于主角的角色
         deuterium 氘，重氫
         Deuteronomy 申命記：圣經中的一書參見 [Bible]

[Pokorny 3. deu? 219.] (For suffixed zero-grade form *du-s?, combining form of *dew-es?, a lack, see dus-.) [In Pokorny 3.deu? 219.]

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→3354 : 3. deu-, deu??-, du?ā-, dū- 傳球，向前 to pass, move forward ;?行_54

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      durable a.持久的,耐久的
      durance 以強制手段限制；監禁：
      duration n.持久;期間;持續時間
      during prep.在…期間
      perdurable 永久的：極為耐久的；持久的
      thermoduric 耐高溫的：可在高溫下存活的，尤指高溫消毒中，用于微生物

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      tired a.疲勞的;厭倦的
      tireless adj.不疲勞的
      tiresome adj.無聊的,煩人的
  untiring adj.不知疲倦的，不懈的,不倦,始終不懈

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?? 纏.111.deu-2:好流動力 To do, perform, show favor, revere. (根: bene, dyn, beau, bon, bount, beat, bell, ben, bel). To do, perform, show favor, revere.
Derivatives include embellish, and dynamite.

1. Suffixed form *dw-eno?. from Latin bonus, good (< "useful, efficient, working").
         bonbon 糖果
         bonito n.鰹（等金槍魚科魚類）
         bonny 漂亮的
         bonus n.獎金,紅利
         boon n.恩惠,福利
         bounty n.慷慨,寬大,施舍,獎勵金
         bonanza n.走運,發財
         bonhomie 歡快友好的感覺
     debonair 溫文爾雅的
2. Adverbial form *dw-enē. from Latin bene, well.
         benediction 祝福
         benefaction 善舉
         benefactor 做好事者:n.施主，捐贈者，恩人
         benefic 慈善的
         beneficence n.善行,仁慈,行善,慈善
         benefit n.利益,好處,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益
         benevolent adj.仁慈的，慈善的，親切的
         benign 長得好adj.良性的，和藹的，親切的
         ben trovato 不真實卻感覺貼切的；虛構得恰到好處的：
   herb bennet 水揚梅：一種毛發狀的歐亞大陸植物（歐亞路邊青{ }路邊青屬） ，開小黃花，曾在醫藥上用作止血劑來源
3. Diminutive *dw-en-elo?. from Latin bellus, handsome, pretty, fine.
         beau  n.花花公子
         beauty n.美，美麗；美人，美麗的事物
         belle n.美女
         beldam 老婦人：老婦女，尤指被認為丑陋的
         belladonna 顛茄
         belvedere 觀景樓，瞭望臺：適于俯視風景的一種建筑，如敞開的、有檐的觀景臺或涼亭也作 [gazebo]
    embellish v.修飾,裝飾,潤色
4. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *dw-eye?. from Latin beāre, to make blessed.
         beatitude n.至福,天福,八福詞,（東正教）法座
         beatific 幸福的
         beatify vt.宣布…已升入“真福品位”,賜福
5. Possible (but unlikely for formal and semantic reasons) suffixed zero-grade form *du-n??. from Greek dunasthai, to be able.
         dynamic a.動力的,電動的;有生氣的
         dynamite n.炸藥，危險的人或物vt.炸毀adj.極好的
         dynast n.王朝的君主，統治者（尤指世襲的）
         dynasty n.王朝，朝代
   aerodyne 重航空器：從運動中獲得提升力的重于空氣的飛行器

[Pokorny 2. (deu?) 218.]

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→3353 : 2. deu-, or dou- : du- 崇拜，崇敬；威嚴 to worship, venerate; mighty ;?身_81, ?宗_16

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      bene-
      benefice n.圣職，圣俸,采地,采邑
      heriot 租地繼承稅：佃農死時向封建地主交納的貢物或提供的勞務
heterodyne 外差的：由兩股不同頻率的交替電流聯合產生兩個新的頻率的，原頻率的總和及差拍均可通過適當調頻或濾波用于無線電或電視接收
      taw 鞣制：通過礦物鞣皮法（如用明礬和鹽）將（生皮）制成白色皮革
      tool n.工具，用具；方法，手段
      tow v.拖,曳

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      bounteous adj.<書>大方的,慷慨的,<詩>豐富的,充足的
      bountiful adj.慷慨的,寬大的
      bountifully adv.慷慨地
      beneficent adj.行善的,仁慈的，慈愛的
      beneficial a.(to)有利的,有益的
      beneficially adv.獲利地，受益地
      benefited vt. 有益于，有助于
      benevolence n.仁慈，慈善
      benignly adv.仁慈地，親切地
      beauteous adj.美麗的,媠
      beautician n.美容師
      beautification n.美化
      beautiful a.美的，美麗的；出色的，完美的
      beautifully adv.美好地,漂亮地
      beautify vt.美化，裝飾 vi.變美
 embellishment n.裝飾，修飾，潤色
      beatification n.受福，授福，列福式
      dynamical adj.動力（學）的，有力量的
      dynamically 計 動態的
      dynamics n.力學，動力學
      dynamism n.活力；動態；物力論；推動力；精神動力作用
      dynastic adj.朝代的，王朝的

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?? 纏.112.deu?-:長久耐磨 Long (in duration). (根: dur). Also dwa?-.
Long (in duration). Oldest form *deuh₂? with variant (metathesized) *dweh₂?, the latter colored to *dwah₂?, becoming *dwā?. Suffixed zero-grade form *dū-ro? (< *du?-ro?, oldest form *duh₂-ro?).

      durable a.持久的,耐久的
      durance 以強制手段限制；監禁：
      duration n.持久;期間;持續時間
      during prep.在…期間
 perdurable 永久的：極為耐久的；持久的
thermoduric 耐高溫的：可在高溫下存活的，尤指高溫消毒中，用于微生物 from Latin dūrāre, to last.

[In Pokorny 3. deu? 219.]

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      dour adj.嚴厲的；頑強的；陰沉的；不愛講話的
  endurable adj.能持久的,耐用的,忍得住,恒久
  endurance n.忍耐(力),持久(力),耐久(性)
  endure v.忍受,持久,持續
  enduring adj.持久的；能忍受的
  obduracy n.冷酷無情，頑固，執拗
  obdurate 固執的
      durability n.經久,耐久力

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?? 纏.113.deuk-:牽鉛引導 To lead. (根: duc, ti, duk, tow, wanton, team, dou, due, taut, tug). To lead.
Derivatives include wanton, team, duke, subdue, and educate.

1. 1. from Old English tēon, to pull, draw, lead;
            tug    n.|v.用力拉,拖船
            wanton adj.荒唐的,嬉戲的,繁茂的,肆意的,不道德的,不貞潔的 n.蕩婦,水性楊花的女人 vi.嬉戲,閑蕩,放肆 vt.揮霍
   2. from Old High German ziohan, to pull. Both a and b from Germanic *teuhan.
            Zugunruhe 遷徙興奮：動物大規模的遷徙，特別是鳥類
            zugzwang 迫移：在象棋比賽中，一方被迫作出不情愿或不利的移動的情況
2. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-ā?. from Old English togian, to draw, drag, from Germanic *tugōn.
         tow    v.拖,曳
         taut  a.(繩子)拉緊的,緊張的.vt.使糾纏
3. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-eyo?. from Old English *tīegan, tīgan, to bind.
         tie    n.領帶;聯系,關系,紐帶;束縛v.扎,系,捆
4. Suffixed o-grade form *douk-mo?. from Old English tēam, descendant, family, race, brood, team, from Germanic *tau(h)maz.
         team  n.小隊,小組v.協同工作
5. from Old English tēman, tīeman, to beget, from Germanic denominative *tau(h)mjan.
         teem ①充滿，大量②傾瀉，流注
6. Basic form *deuk?. from Latin dūcere, to lead.
         doge 總督：由威尼斯和熱那亞兩共和國選舉出的總督
         douche 婦女陰道沖洗法
         ducal 公爵的
         ducat 達克特（舊時在多個歐洲國家通用的金幣）
         duce  領袖
         duchess n.女公爵，公爵夫人
         duchy 公爵領地
         duct  n.管道,導管.vt.用導管輸送
         ductile 可延展的
         duke  n.公爵，源自古羅馬對本土以外各行省的最高統治者的稱呼
     abducens 外展神經，外旋神經：顱內六對神經中的一對，可以將運動刺激傳達到每只眼邊側的直肌
     abduct vt.誘拐，誘導，綁架
     adduce 舉證
   aqueduct 高架渠
   circumduction 繞臂：一肢的環形運動，其遠端劃出一個弧形
         con vt.記誦,精讀 adv.反對地,反面 n.反對票,反對論,[醫]肺病;console,控制臺
   condottiere 雇傭軍隊長：14世紀到16世紀雇傭軍的頭領
   conduce 引導
   conduct n.行為,品行v.引導;管理;指揮(樂隊);傳導
     deduce 引導往下:vt.推導出，推斷出，演繹出
     deduct vt.扣除;演繹(推理)
       educe 引出；演繹；推論
     endue  賦與；授與
      induce v.引誘,勸使;引起,導致;感應
   introduce vt.介紹；引進，傳入；提出(議案等)
    produce v.生產,制造,顯示,演出,導致n.產品
      redoubt 掩體，堡壘
      reduce v.減少,縮小;簡化,還原
     seduction n.誘惑；魅力；(復數)誘惑物
   subduction 潛沒：指一個地板塊受力下降到另一板塊之下的過程
   subdue v.征服
     traduce 誹謗，中傷
   transducer n.傳感器,變頻器 變換器
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-ā?. from Latin ēducāre, to lead out, bring up (ē?, < ex?, out; see eghs ).
       educate v.教育,培養,訓練

[Pokorny deuk? 220.]

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→3355 : deuk- 拖、拉、拖、拖 to tug, pull, drag, tow ;?工_33

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  abducent
  seduce 引導其離開:vt.引誘，誘惑，誘奸
      tee n.字母T,T形物,球座 vt.擱在球座上 adj.T字形的
 viaduct 高架橋

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      wantonness n.淫亂,放蕩,無節制,繁茂
      tower n.塔v.高聳
      towering adj.高聳的,杰出的,激烈的
      tier  n.層，排；行，列；等級vt.使層疊vi.成遞升徘列
  untie  v.解開,松開
      teamster 卡車司機
      teeming adj.豐富的
archduke 大公
      dukedom n.公爵領地，公爵爵位
  abduction n.誘拐，綁架；誘導
  abductor n.綁架者，拐騙者，劫持者
conducive adj.有益的；有助于…的
conduction n.（熱、電等的）傳導，導熱，導電,傳導率,傳導性,電導
conductive 使容易發生的
conductivity n.傳導性，傳導率，電導率
conductor n.管理者；(汽車)售票員；領隊，指揮；導體
misconduct vt.處理不當,干壞事 n.不正當的行為,明知故犯
semiconductor n.半導體
  deductive adj.推論的，演繹的
  deductible adj.可扣除的，可減免的
  deduction n.扣除，減除；推論；減除額
   inducement n.誘因,刺激物
   inducer n.引誘者
introduction n.(to)介紹;傳入,引進;導言,導論,緒論
introductory adj.引導的，介紹的；開端的
counterproductive adj.反生產的,使達不到預期目標的
 producer n.制片人，制作人，生產者，發生器
 production n.生產,產品,作品,(研究)成果,總產量
 productive a.生產(性)的,能產的,多產的
 productivity n.生產率
irreducible 無法簡化的
irreducibly adv.不能減少地,不能簡化地
   reducer n.縮減者，減壓器，還原劑,減速器
   reducible 可簡化的
   reduction n.減小,減少,縮小
   reductionism 簡化論的
   reductive 簡化的
transduction n.換能，轉換，變頻,轉導
coeducation n.男女同校，男女同校制
coeducational adj.男女合校的
    educated adj.受過教育的,有教養的
    education n.教育,培養,訓練
    educational adj.教育的，有教育意義的
    educationally adv.用教育方法,教育地有關教育地，教育上地
    educationist n.教育家，教育理論家
    educative adj.教育的，教育性的，教育上的
    educator n.教育家；教育工作者；教師
undereducated adj.受教育不足的，未受良好教育的

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?? 溯.114.d?ē-:捏做放下 To set, put. (根: fic, fect, fac, fy, fact, thes, fit, do, feat, thet, fash, feas, them, feit, fet, cond, dee, far, doom, fair, tick). To set, put. Oldest form *dheh₁?, becoming *dhē?.
Derivatives include deed, doom, fashion, defeat, feckless, sacrifice, satisfy, face, and synthesis.

1. Basic form *dhē?.
   1. Suffixed form *dhē-ti?, "thing laid down or done, law, deed." from Old English d?d, doing, deed, from Germanic *dēdiz.
            deed  n.行為,行動;功績,事跡;證書；契據
         indeed ad.確實,實在;真正地,多么
   2. Suffixed form *dhē-k?. from Greek thēkē, receptacle.
            theca 殼，鞘：蓋，表層或鞘，如花藥的花粉囊，苔蘚的孢子殼或菜昆蟲的蛹外殼
            tick  n.滴答聲;勾號v.滴答響;打勾號于
            amphithecium 蒴周層：蘚類孢子囊的外層細胞
            apothecary 藥商
            apothecium 子囊盤，裸子器：某些地衣和子囊菌的盤狀或杯狀子囊孢子
            bibliotheca 藏書：書籍的集合；圖書館
            bodega n.酒窖，酒店
            boutique n.專賣流行衣服的小商店
            cleistothecium 閉囊殼：一種關閉的球形子囊孢果
        endothecium 藥室內壁，蒴內層：指花藥的內部組織或苔蘚孢蒴的內組織
            perithecium 子囊殼：某些含有子囊的孢子囊菌的瓶狀小實體
   3. Basic form *dhē?. from Old Persian dā?, to place.
            bard 游吟詩人
            purdah （某些穆斯林婦女不見外男的）內房制度
   4. Suffixed form *dhē-to?, set down, created, in Old Iranian compound *khvatō-dāta? (see s(w)e-).
2. O-grade form *dhō?.
   1. from Old English dōn, to do, from Germanic *dōn.
            do    aux.v.vt.做，干，辦，從事；引起vi.行動
        fordo  摧毀：使毀滅；毀掉
   2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-men?. from Latin abdōmen, belly, abdomen, perhaps "part placed away, concealed part" (ab?, away; see apo- ).
        abdomen n.腹,腹部
   3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-mo?.
      1. from Old English dōm, judgment (< "thing set or put down");
               doom  vt.注定,命定.n.厄運
      2. from Old English -dōm, abstract suffix indicating state, condition, or power;
              -dom  狀況；情況：
      3. Old Norse -dōmr, condition, in compound hōrdōmr (see kā-);
      4. from Russian Duma, Duma, from a Germanic source akin to Gothic dōms, judgment;
               duma 杜馬：沙皇俄國時代的國家議會
               dumka 當卡歌：交替快樂與悲傷敘事的歌曲，尤使用于斯拉夫民謠中
      5. from Old English dēman, to judge, from Germanic denominative dōmjan. a-e all from Germanic dōmaz.
               deem  v.認為,相信
   4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhō-t? in compound *sakro-dhōt? (see sak-).
3. Zero-grade form *dh??.
   1. 1. Prefixed form *kom-dh??. from Latin condere, to put together, establish, preserve (*kom, together; see kom );
         abscond 逃走
            incondite 結構拙劣的；粗糙的，無禮的
            recondite 深奧的
               sconce n.壁突式燭臺，<古>頭，頭蓋 vt.筑保壘防衛
      2. prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh(?)-yo?. from Latin condīre, to season, flavor;
               condiment 一起放的東西:n.佐料，調味品
               salmagundi 意式涼菜拼盤：用切好的肉、鯢魚、蛋和洋蔥制成的沙拉，常放在萵苣葉上排成行與醋和油擺出
      3. compound *kred-dh?? (see kerd-);
      4. compound suffixed form *g^wr??-dh(?)-o? (see g^wer?-²).
   2. Suffixed zero-grade form dh?-k?.
      1. from Latin facere (< *fak-yo?), to do, make, and Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), "maker";
              -facient 引起；導致：
               fact  n.事實,實際
               faction 活動:n.派別，小集團。原指古羅馬戰車比賽中駕駛一輛戰車的一組人
              -faction 生產；作用：
               factitious 人為的，虛假的
               factitive 使役動詞的：使役動詞的，或組成使役動詞的，如{elect} 在一些結構中代表目的的補語修飾直接賓語
               factor n.因素,要素
               factory n.工廠
               faena 最后幾次刺殺：斗牛士在斗牛過程中殺死斗牛前所做的最后關頭的系列動作
               fashion n.流行式樣(或貨品),風尚,風氣;樣子,方式
               feasible a.可行的;切實可行的;行得通的;可用的
               feat  n.功績，壯舉
               feature n.特征;容貌;特色;特寫v.以...為特色
               fetish n.物神,迷信,偶像
              -fic  引起…的，做成…的：
              -fy    使成為；使…化：
               hacienda n.莊園
            affair n.[pl.]事務；事情(件)；(個人的)事
            affect vt.影響；(疾病)侵襲；感動n.情感，感情
            affection n.愛，喜愛；愛慕之情；感情；疾病，不適
         amplify vt.放大，擴大，增強，詳述
          artifact n.人工制品
          artifice n.手藝，工藝，詭計，巧妙的辦法
         beatific 幸福的
         benefaction 善舉
         benefic 慈善的
         benefice n.圣職，圣俸,采地,采邑
         beneficence n.善行,仁慈,行善,慈善
         benefit n.利益,好處,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益
               chafe 產生熱v.n.摩擦，擦熱，擦傷，激怒
         comfit 蜜餞
         confect 糖果；調制；把 ... 制成甜食或罐頭；甜食
         confetti 五彩紙屑
         counterfeit 比對著做:vt.偽造，仿造；假裝，偽裝vi.仿造；假裝n.贗品；冒牌貨；偽造品adj.假冒的，偽造的；虛偽的[T
           defeasance 作廢：處于作廢的狀況；廢止，取消
           defeat n.擊敗,戰勝,失敗v.擊敗,戰勝;使失敗
           defect n.過失;缺點;不足
           deficient adj.不足的，有缺陷的，不充分的
         discomfit 使窘迫
          edifice 神廟建筑:n.大廈；大建筑物
          edify  教化
            effect n.結果;效果;影響;印象vt.招致;實現;達到
            efficacious adj.（藥、措施等）有效的
            efficient a.有效的,效率高的;有能力的,能勝任的
               facsimile 使相同:vt.傳真，臨摹adj.復制的n.傳真，復寫
               factotum 事務總管
               feckless 品格差的
           forfeit 做過界限:n.罰金；沒收物；喪失的東西adj.因受罰而喪失的；被沒收的,vt.(因犯罪、失職、違約等)喪失(權利、名
            infect vt.傳染，感染；影響(思想等)
         justify v.證明...正當(或有理、正確)，為...辯護
         malefactor 作惡者
         malfeasance n.不正當，不法行為，瀆職
         manufacture v.制造,加工n.制造,制造業;產品
         misfeasance n.不法行為，不當行為
         modify  v.更改,修改,修飾
         mollify 使平靜，撫慰
         nidify  筑巢
         notify  v.通知,告知,報告
         nullify vt.使無效，作廢；取消
            officinal 藥房常備的：不需特殊準備的；藥房常預備的
           orifice 孔，穴，腔
          perfect a.完善的;完全的;(語法)完成的v.使完美
         petrify 使石化，驚呆
         pluperfect 過去完成時，極好的
               pontifex 大祭司：古羅馬最高祭司會議中的一個人
          prefect 地方行政長官，教務長，學長，班長
          proficient 取得進步的:adj.熟練的，精通的n.專家，能手
          profit n.利潤,收益v.(by,from)得利,獲益;有利于
         putrefy 腐敗，腐化
         qualify v.(使)具有資格,證明合格;限制,限定;修飾
         rarefy  變稀薄，使高雅
         rectify 使其正確:vt.改正，整流
            refect 提神：用食物和飲料恢復精力
            refectory 食堂，餐廳
         rubefacient 使皮膚等發紅的
         sacrifice n.犧牲,犧牲品;祭品v.(for,to)犧牲,獻出
         satisfy v.滿意,使滿意,使相信,說服
               spinifex 三齒稃：一種產于澳大利亞的四季常青的叢生草，主要是三齒稃 屬，生長在干旱地區，葉子呈鉆狀尖形
          suffice 打好基礎vt.滿足，足夠……用vi.足夠，有能力
          sufficient a.(for)足夠的,充分的(比enough拘謹、正式)
          surfeit 過量
               tubifex 顫蚓：顫蚓 屬的各種細長紅色的淡水子蠕蟲，常被用作熱帶水族館魚類的食物
         tumefacient 引起腫脹的：引起或能引起腫脹的
         vivify  vt.使具有生氣，使生動
      2. from Latin derivative faciēs, shape, face (< "form imposed on something");
               fa?ade {建筑學} 正面：建筑物的面，尤指正面
               face  n.臉,面貌;表情;正面v.面對著;朝,面向
               facet n.小平面，方面，切面vt.在上琢面
               facial a.臉部的,面部的
               facies {生物學} 外觀，外形：總體方面或外觀，如一個植物區系的
           deface 損傷外觀，丑化
            efface 抹去
          surface n.表面；外表a.表面的，膚淺的
      3. from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om), service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi?, work; see op- );
            office n.辦公室,辦事處;職務,公職;部,局,處
      4. further suffixed form *dh?-k-li?. from Latin facilis (< Archaic Latin facul), feasible, easy.
               facile 簡單的，輕率的
               facilitate v.使變得(更)容易;使便利;推動;幫助;處進
               faculty n.才能;學院,系;(學院或系的)全體教學人員
           difficulty n.困難,困境,難題
   3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh?-s? (probably identical with zero-grade of dhēs-). from Latin fās, divine law, right.
        nefarious adj.邪惡的；窮兇極惡的；不法的
   4. from Latin -fāriam, adverbial suffix, as in bifāriam, in two places, parts, double, from *dwi-dh(?)?, "making two" (*dwi?, two; see dwo- ).
      multifarious 多樣的
      omnifarious 多方面的
   5. Reduplicated form *dhi-dh??. from Greek tithenai, to put, with zero-grade noun thesis (*dh?-ti?), a placing, and verbal adjective thetos (*dh?-to?), placed.
            thesis 放下的東西:n.論文，論點
            thetic 以揚音節開始的：作詩法中以揚音節開始、由之組成或與之有關的
      anathema 上交給上帝n.詛咒，革出教門，被詛咒者
      antithesis 放到對面:n.對立面，對照，對仗
       diathesis 特異質
      epenthesis 插音，增音：在一個詞中間插入一個音，如中世紀英語中{thunder} 來自于古英語 {thunor} 一詞
       epithet 放到上面，額外放:n.綽號
            hypothecate 擔保，抵押：在沒有交換所有權或財產的情況下以（財產）作為對某一筆債務的抵押
      hypothesis 放到下面(作為基礎):n.假設，前提
      metathesis {語言學} 換位：一個字中字母、音、或音節的變換，如現代英語的{bird} 是由古英語的 {brid} 換位而成，或在 {modren} 和 {modern} 兩字間的轉換情況中
      parenthesis n.插入語,附帶,插曲,圓括號
      prosthesis n.彌補,添字首音
       prothesis 詞首添音：在一個單詞前面加一個音素或音節，比如在西班牙語中的{espina} “荊棘”就是由拉丁文 {spina} 添音而來
      synthesis 放到一起:n.合成，綜合，綜合體
   6. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh?-mn?. from Greek thema, "thing placed," proposition.
            thematic adj.主題的，題目的，主旋律的
            theme n.題目，主題；主旋律，基調
      speleothem 洞穴堆積物
   7. Reduplicated form *dhe-dhē?. from Sanskrit dadhāti, he places (past participle -hita?, from suffixed zero-grade *dh?-to?).
            samhita 圣喜達：梵文宗教祈禱歌文集，四部吠陀經之一
            sandhi 詞素變音：據上下文產生的一個詞素發音變異，如{don?t} 在 {don?t you} 和 {don?t we} 中發音的差異
   8. Reduced form *dh? in compound *au-dh? (see au-).

[Pokorny 2. dhē? 235.]

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→3070 : 1. am-, mē- 抓住，抓住 to grab, seize
→3376 : 2. dhē- 布置，布置，布置 to do, put, place, set ;?商_14 ;?空_12

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      ample adj.豐富的，充裕的
      amplitude n.豐富，充足，廣闊；振幅
      add vt.加；增加(進)；進一步說/寫vi.(to)增添
    aficionado n.[西班牙]狂熱愛好者,迷
benefactor 做好事者:n.施主，捐贈者，恩人
      family n.家,家庭成員;氏族,家庭;族,科
foredo  [fordo]的變體
mortify 殺死(肉欲):v.禁欲，苦修；使屈辱
ossify  使骨化，僵化
      perdition 墮入地獄
      pontiff 教皇，宗座
ramify  分支，分叉
sanctify 使神圣化，批準，認可
saponify 使皂化：通過皂化作用使（酯）皂化
scarify 劃破皮膚

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misdeed n.罪行,犯罪
      did vbl.do的過去式
      doable adj.可做的，可行的
      doer  身體力行者
      does  v.做,有用,工作 conj.是,做,要
      doing n.做,干,行為,[復]活動,所作所為
overdo  vt.做得過分,過度,夸張,做作,使過火 vi.過火
  abdominal adj.腹部的,魚有腹鰭的 n.腹?。ǔＳ米鲝蛿担?
      ensconce 安置
      factoid 仿真描述
      factious adj.派系的,與派系相關的,好爭論的,不合作的
  cofactor n.余因子，代數合取,余因數,輔因子
      factoring n.因子分解，因式分解
      factorization n.因數分解
      fashionable a.流行的,時髦的
      fashionably adv.隨著流行，趕時髦地
      fashioned adj.…式的，…風的
      fashioning n.精加工
   refashion vt.再做，重制
  unfashionable adj.不流行的
      feasibility n.可行性,可能性
      feasibly adv.切實
   infeasible adj.不可實行的
      featured adj.有…的面貌特征的，作為號召物的,作為特色的
      featureless adj.無特色的，平凡的
      featuring 特征；特色；特寫；故事片；起重要作用；容貌；以 ... 為特色
      fetishism 戀物癖，盲目崇拜
      fetishist n.盲目崇拜者
      fetishize v.盲目迷戀，以…為偶像
   affectation n.假裝,裝模作樣,裝模作樣的言行,矯情
   affected adj.受到影響的,受(疾病)侵襲的,假裝的,做作的
   affecting adj.感人的,動人的
   affective adj.情感的；表達感情的
disaffected adj.抱不平的,有叛意的,不服的
disaffection n.不忠,（政治上）不滿
unaffected adj.不受影響的；自然的；真摯的；不矯揉造作的
amplification n.放大(率)；擴大；詳述
      amplifier n.放大器，擴大器，擴音器
beneficiary n.受惠者,受益人
confection 做出來的東西:n.糖果，蜜餞；調制；糖膏(劑)；精制工藝品
confectioner n.糖果制造人,糖果店
confectionery n.甜食
counterfeiter n.偽造者
  defeatism n.失敗主義
  defeatist n.失敗主義者
  defection n.背叛；缺點；變節；脫黨
  defective 有缺陷的；不完美的n.有缺陷的人；不完全變化詞
  defector 背叛者；逃兵；叛離者
  deficiency n.缺乏,不足;缺點,缺陷
discomfiture n.崩潰,大敗,挫敗,困惑
 edification n.教導，啟發，熏陶
   effective a.有效的,生效的;被實施的;給人深刻印象
   effectively ad.有效地,生效地
   effector n.受動器,感受器
   effects n. 效果；感受；個人財產；結果；動產，財物，家財
   effectuate vt.實行，完成
ineffective a.無效的,(指人)工作效率低的
   efficacy n.功效，效力
inefficacy n.無效力，無效
   efficiency n.效率;功效
   efficiently ad.有效地,能勝任地,效率高地
inefficiency n.無效率，無能,無效率事例
inefficient adj.無效率的，效率低的；無能的
      fecklessness n.沒有價值，沒有長遠目標，不負責任
  forfeiture 沒收
disinfect 消毒
disinfectant n.消毒劑adj.消毒的
disinfection n.消毒,滅菌
   infected adj.(傷口)被感染的
   infection n.傳染病,影響,
   infectious adj.傳染的；傳染性的；易傳染的
   infective adj.會傳染的,有傳染性的,影響別人的,感染別人的
      justifiable adj.可辯解的，有道理的；可證明為正當的
      justifiably adv.無可非議地
justification n.認為有理,認為正當,理由,辯護,釋罪
justificatory adj.起辯護作用的，用以辯解的
self-justification n.自我辯白,自我辯解
manufacturer n.制造業者,廠商
manufacturing n.制造業 adj.制造業的
nullification n.無效,廢棄,取消,使無價值
imperfect a.有缺點的,未完成的.n.未完成體
imperfection n.不完整性,非理想性
imperfectly adv.有缺點地,有瑕疵地,沒完地
 perfectibility n.完全性
 perfection n.盡善盡美,完美
 perfectionism n.十全十美主義，至善論
 perfectionist n.十全十美主義者,[哲]至善論者
 perfective adj.完成的，完成式的 n.完成式
 perfectly ad.理想地,完美地
 proficiency n.(in)熟練,精通
nonprofit adj.非營利的
 profitability n.收益性,利益率
 profitable adj.有利可圖的；賺錢的；有益的
 profitably adv.有利地，有益地
 profiteer vi.投機，牟求暴利 n.貿易 奸商,牟取暴利的人
 profitless adj.無益的,無用的,無利的,無利可圖的
unprofitable a.沒有利潤的,無益的
disqualification n.剝奪資格，失格，不合格,無資格
disqualify vt.取消…的資格
qualification n.資格,合格;限定,條件;合格證
      qualified adj.合格的；有資格的
      qualifier n.限定詞，限定語；取得資格的人；修飾語
      unqualified adj.不合格的；無資格的；不勝任的；不受限制的；無條件的；絕對的
      rarefied 精妙高深的，陽春白雪的
sacrificial adj.犧牲的；獻祭的
self-sacrifice n.自我犧牲，獻身
self-sacrificing adj.自我犧牲的,克己待人
insufficiency n.不充足，不足
insufficient adj.不足的
self-sufficiency n.自給自足
self-sufficient a.自給自足的
 sufficiency n.足量，充足；自滿
  defacement 毀損，磨滅，涂銷
      faceless adj.姓名不祥的,不露面
      facially adv.與面部相關地
      facing n.衣服等的貼邊,飾面
   effacement n.抹消，抹殺
resurface vt.重鋪路面 vi.重新露面
 surfacing n.使成平面，鋪以面
   officer n.官員,辦事員;工作人員;軍官
   official n.官員,行政官員a.官方的,官方的,正式的
   officialdom 當官的人，官僚
   officially ad.職務上,正式
   officiate v.行使
      facility n.靈巧,熟練;(pl.)設備,設施,便利條件
      facilitation n.簡易化，助長
      facilitative 醫促進的，助長的
      facilitator n.促進者，幫助者,服務商
antithetical adj.正相反的，對立的,駢
      theses 名詞thesis的復數形式. n. 論文；論題；論點；命題；提綱
hypotheses 名詞hypothesis的復數形式. n. 臆斷；假設
hypothesize v.假設，假定
hypothetical adj.假設的；愛猜想的
hypothetically adv.假設地，假想地
parenthetical 插入語的
parenthetically adv.順便說一句
prosthetist n.修復學專家
synthesize v.合成，綜合
synthesizer n.綜合者,[電子]合成器
      thematically adv. 主題地
      themed adj.有特定主題的
      amply adv.充足地，詳細地
      familial adj.家族的；家庭的；遺傳的
      subfamily n.亞科

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?? --.115.d?eg??-:燒熱 To burn, warm. (根: fom). To burn, warm.

1. Suffixed o-grade (causative) form *dhog^wh-eyo?. from Latin fovē, to warm, cherish, foment.
         foment 煽動
         fomite 無生命傳染物，傳染體：一種無生命的物體或物質，可使感染性的有機物從一人身上傳播到另一人身上
2. Suffixed basic form dheg^wh-rā?. from Greek tephrā, ash.
         tephra 火山灰：火山爆發時噴發到空氣中的固體物質

[Pokorny dheg^u?h? 240.]

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→3380 : dhegu?h- 燃燒 to burn ;?天_85

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      febrile 狂熱的
      fever n.發熱,狂熱

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      feverish adj.發熱的；極度興奮的

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?? 溯.116.d?ē(i)-:吮吸流 To suck. (根: femin, feli, fili, fet, fem, thel, fe, fen, fawn). To suck. Oldest form *dheh₁(i)?, becoming *dhē(i)?.
Derivatives include female, fawn², fetus, fennel, and affiliate.

1. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-mnā?. from Latin fēmina, woman (< "she who suckles").
         female n.女性;女人;雌獸a.女性的;雌的;柔弱的
         feminine adj.女性的；婦女(似)的；陰性的；嬌柔的
         femme 婦女或女孩
      effeminate 女人氣的
2. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-to?. from Latin fētus, pregnancy, childbearing, offspring, with adjective fētus, fēta, pregnant.
         fawn  n.(未滿一歲的)小鹿,小山羊,小動物,鹿毛色,淺黃褐色 vi.奉承,討好 v.生(小山羊或小動物) adj.淺黃褐色
         fetal adj.胎的，胎兒的
         fetus n.胎兒，胎
      effete 軟弱的，女人氣的
         feticide 非法墮胎：故意毀掉胎兒
   superfetate 異期復孕：胎兒已在子宮內時發生的懷胎
3. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-kwondo?. from Latin fēcundus, fruitful.
         fecund 多產的
4. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-no?. from Latin fēnum, faenum, hay (< "produce").
         fennel n.[植]茴香
         finochio 甘茴香,菲諾喬
         fenugreek 葫蘆巴（種子用于南亞食物調味）
         sainfoin 驢食豆：一種歐亞大陸植物（驢食豆{ }驢食豆屬） ，有羽狀復葉、粉紅色或白色花，做為飼料作物種植
5. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *dhī-lyo? (< *dhi?-lyo?) from Latin fīlius, son, and fīlia, daughter (but these are conceivably from the root bheu?- ).
         filial 孝順的
         filiation n.父子關系，起源，分支,親嗣關系,源流
         fils 子，小輩：當父子有相同姓時用于區分他們
      affiliate 使其成為子女:vt.接納，使附屬vi.參加，加入，發生聯系n.聯號，隸屬機構
         hidalgo 西班牙的下層貴族成員
6. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-lo?. from Latin fēlāre, fellāre, to suck.
         fellatio n.口交，吮吸陰莖
7. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-l-īk?. from Latin fēlīx, fruitful, fertile, lucky, happy.
         felicitate 祝賀；慶賀
         felicity 幸福，喜悅，恰當，貼切
         felicific 帶來幸福的：帶來或設法帶來幸福的
      infelicity 不幸；不適當；不吉
8. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-lā?. from Greek thēlē, nipple.
   endothelium n.內皮，內種皮
    epithelium n.上皮，上皮細胞
   mesothelium 間皮：起源于中胚層的扁平細胞層，襯于胚胎的原始體腔中，最終發育成腹膜、心包及胸膜的上皮細胞
9. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-l-u?. from Greek thēlus, female.
         theelin 參見 [estrone]

[Pokorny dhē(i)? 241.]

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→3381 : dhē(i)-, also dh-ei-? 吮吸，吮吸 to suck, suckle ;?吃_16

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      feme  {法律} 妻子
      filiate 判定為私生子父親：法律上確定為（例如婚姻外出生的孩子的）父親
      finocchio 茴香：茴香屬中的一種（茴香 變種 佛羅倫薩茴香） ，去皮后的莖有香味，很象芹菜，可作為一種蔬菜食用 也作 [Florence fennel],[sweet fennel]
   infelicitous 不合適的；選擇不當的：

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      femaleness 女性特征，女性特征女子本性
      femininity n.溫柔；柔弱性；女子本性
      feminization 女性化，雌性化，陰性化
      feminize vt.& vi.使女性化，女性化
   effeminacy n.柔弱，女人氣，嬌氣
      fecundity n.多產,富饒,肥沃,<動>產卵力
   affiliated adj.附屬的,有關連的
   affiliation n.友好關系，從屬關系，聯盟，加入
      felicitous 恰當的，貼切的

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?? 溯.117.d?eig?-:做放捏建 To form, build. (根: figur, fict, dair, fig, lad, faint, feign, dise). To form, build. Oldest form *dheig?h?, becoming *dheigh? in centum languages.
Derivatives include dairy, lady, dough, and paradise.

1. from Old English d?ge, bread kneader, from Germanic *daigjōn?.
         dairy n.牛奶場,奶店
2. from Old English compound hl?fdige, mistress of a household (< "bread kneader"; hlāf, bread, loaf), from Germanic *dīg?.
         lady  n.女士,夫人
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o?.
   1. from Old English dāg, dough;
            dough n.生面團
   2. from Old High German teic, dough. Both a and b from Germanic *daigaz.
            teiglach 蜜餞：由生面團直接在蜂蜜、紅糖和果仁的混合物中烹煮、冷卻后滾成球狀的小團蜜餞
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhigh-ūrā?. from Latin figūra, form, shape (< "result of kneading").
         figure n.體形;輪廓;數字;圖形v.描繪;計算;推測
         figurine n.小雕像
   configure vt.安裝，使成形
    disfigure vt.使……變丑，損污……的外觀，毀容
    prefigure 預兆
   transfigure 使變形，改觀
5. Nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-gh?. from Latin fingere, to shape.
         fainéant 無能的；懶的參見 [lazy]
         faint a.微弱的;不明顯的;暗淡的n./v.昏倒;昏暈
         feign vt.假裝,裝作,捏造,[古]想象 vi.作假
         feint 假動作
         fictile 可塑造的，塑造的：能夠被塑造的；有可塑性的
         fiction n.虛構,編造;小說
         figment 虛構
      effigy 雕像，肖像
6. Probable nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)?. from Greek thinganein, to touch.
         thigmotaxis 參見 [stereotaxis]
         thixotropy 攪溶性：某種凝膠當攪動或晃動時呈液體狀而靜止時則呈半固體狀的特性
7. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o?. from Avestan daēza?, wall (originally made of clay or mud bricks).
   paradise n.天堂

[Pokorny dheig?h? 244.]

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→3384 : dheig?h- 要造，就要捏泥 to build, knead clay ;?吃_54, ?工_44

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      dairying n.制酪業,乳品制造業
      ladylike adj.<過時，褒>貴婦人似的
      doughy adj.面團的，蒼白的，半熟的,軟弱無力
 disfigurement n.毀容，缺陷，畸形
      figuration n.定形,成形,外形,比喻表達法
      figurative adj.比喻的，具象的，造型的
      figured adj.以圖形和數字表示的,華麗的
      figuring n.姓劻（光學玻璃冷加工）
nonfigurative adj.（藝術）非形象的，抽象的，沒有比喻用法的
configuration n.配置，結構，組態，外形
transfiguration n.變形，變貌，（耶穌在三個門徒前的）變容
      fictional adj.虛構的，小說的
      fictionalization 使小說化
      fictionalize v.把（歷史事件等）編成小說，使小說化
      fictitious adj.虛構的；假想的；編造的；假裝的
      paradisiacal adj.天堂的，天堂似的，樂園的

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?? 溯.118.d?er-2:纏繞牢固 To hold firmly, support. (根: firm, farm, thr, furl). To hold firmly, support.
Derivatives include infirmary, and throne.

1. Suffixed form *dher-mo?. from Latin firmus, firm, strong.
         farm  n.農場,飼養場v.種田,經營農牧業
         fermata 暫停
         firm  a.堅固的;堅決的,堅定的n.公司,商號
         firmament 蒼穹
      affirm v.肯定，確認，斷言
   confirm v.使更堅固,使更堅定;(進一步)證實;確認
         furl  卷起，收攏
      infirm 體弱的，生病的
      infirmary 病人去的地方:n.醫務室
2. Perhaps extended form *dhergh?, seen by some as the source of Latin fortis, strong, but this is more likely from bhergh-².
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono?. from Greek thronos, seat, throne (< "support").
         throne n.王座,君主
4. Suffixed form *dher-mn?. from Sanskrit dharma, statute, law (< "that which is established firmly").
         dharma 法，達摩（影響整個宇宙的真理或規則）
5. Suffixed form *dher-eno?. from Prakrit dhara?a, a holding firm.
         dharna 長坐絕食：在一個肇事者門口的短暫行為，尤指債務人在印度有為了公正而獲取的意思，如欠款的給付
6. Suffixed o-grade form *dhor-o?. from Iranian dāra?, holding, whence Persian -dār.
         churidar 丘里達爾
         sirdar 酋長，貴族，高級軍官：級別高的人，尤用于印度
         tahsildar 稅務員：印度主管稅務和征稅的地區官員
         zamindar 印度征收地稅者：在淪為殖民地前的印度，被派去征收他所管轄區土地稅的官員

[Pokorny 2. dher? 252.]

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→3399 : 2. dher-, dher?- 支撐，支撐 to hold, support ;?商_15

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      Darius
      dern

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      farmer n.農民,農場主
      farming n.耕作,農業,農事,畜牧
      firmer 形容詞firm的比較級. adj. 穩定的；堅固的
      firmness n.堅固,堅實,堅定,堅決
   infirmity 體弱，生病
   affirmation n.主張，肯定；斷言
   affirmative adj.肯定的,(對正式辯論中的問題)表示贊成的,(態度,方法等)積極的,樂觀的,懷有希望的 n.肯定語
   affirmatively adv.肯定地
confirmation n.證實,確認,批準
confirmatory adj.確定的，證實的
confirmed adj.證實的,慣常的,慢性的
reconfirm 重申，再確認
  unfurl vt.展開,展示,公開,使旗招展 vi.打開,展開,顯露
  dethrone 廢黜
  enthronement n.即位，就任主教的儀式，登基典禮

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?? 溯.119.d?ers-:牢固大膽 To venture, be bold. (根: dar). To venture, be bold. O-grade form *dhors? and zero-grade form *dhr?s?.

      dare  v.敢,膽敢
      durst [dare]的過去式和過去分詞 from Old English dearr and durst, first and third person singular present and past indicative of durran, to venture, respectively from Germanic *dors? and *durs?.

[Pokorny dhers? 259.]

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→3408 : dhers- 敢不敢，要大膽 to dare, be bold ;?情_51, ?情_52

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      daring adj.大膽的
      daringly adv.大膽地，毅然地

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?? 溯.120.d?ēs-:神造節日 Root of words in religious concepts. (根: fest, fan, the, thusia, poly, theo, feast, fair, fet). Root of words in religious concepts. Oldest form *dheh₁s?, becoming *dhēs?. Possibly an extension of dhē-.
Derivatives include feast, fanatic, atheism, and enthusiasm.

1. Suffixed form *dhēs-yā?. from Latin fēriae (< Archaic Latin fēsiae), holidays.
         fair  a.公平的,合理的;相當的n.集市,交易會
         feria （基督教會）宗教節日：教堂日歷上不會看到盛宴的周末
2. Suffixed form *dhēs-to?. from Latin fēstus, festive.
         feast n.節日,盛宴,筵席,宴會,酒席 vt.盛宴,款待,享樂,請客 vi.參加宴會,享受
         fest  集會：以一種特殊的活動為特征的聚會或時節，經常用在詞組中：
         festal 節日的；歡樂的
         festival n.節日;音樂節;戲劇節a.節日的;快樂的
         festive adj.節日的，喜慶的，歡樂的
         festoon n.花彩 vt.結彩于,使成為花彩形
         fete  游樂會
         fiesta n.[西]節日(特指在西班牙和拉丁美洲以游行和舞蹈來慶祝的節日),祭典,圣日,假日
   Oktoberfest 啤酒節：秋天的一個節日，以狂歡及喝啤酒為慶賀的主要內容
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh?s-no?. from Latin fānum, temple.
         fanatic 寺廟的，神靈附體的:n.狂熱入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj.狂熱的；盲信的
    profane 在寺廟門前的，不能入寺的:adj.褻瀆的；世俗的；異教的vt.褻瀆；玷污
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh?s-o?. from Greek theos (< *thes-os), god.
         theo- 神：
   apotheosis 封神
       atheism 無神論
     enthusiasm n.熱情,熱心;狂熱;積極性(for)
   henotheism 單一神論
   pantheon n.萬神殿，名流群，先賢祠
         polytheism 多神論
      tiffany 絲紗羅；一種薄綢

[Pokorny dhēs? 259.]

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→3409 : dhēs-, dh?s- (宗教用語) (used in religious terms) ;?宗_11

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      Dorothy
pantheism 泛神論
      Timothy 《提摩太書》：圣經中的一部參見 [Bible]

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      festivity n.歡慶，歡宴；慶典；歡樂
      fanatical adj.狂熱的
      fanatically adv.狂熱地，盲信地
      fanaticism n.狂熱,盲信
 profanity n.褻瀆；不敬的言語
    atheist n.無神論者
    atheistic adj.無神論的，無神論者的
  enthusiast 神靈附體的人n.狂熱者，熱心家
  enthusiastic adj.熱情的，熱心的，狂熱的
  enthusiastically adv.熱情地，熱心地，狂熱地
      polytheistic adj.多神崇拜的
pantheism 泛神論
pantheistic adj.泛神論的

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?? 流.121.d?eu-2:流淌露水 To flow. (根: dew). To flow.

1. from Old English dēaw, dew;
         dew    n.露水
2. from Middle Dutch dau, dew;
   sundew n.茅膏菜
3. Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz (see melit-). a-c all from Germanic *dauwaz, dew.

[Pokorny 1. dheu? 259.]

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→3410 : 1. dheu- 流動，奔跑 to flow, run ;?行_32, ?行_46

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      dewy  adj.帶露水的，露濕的，如露的

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?? 流.122.d?eu-3:流失死掉 To die. (根: dead, death, die, dy). To die. Also dheu?- (oldest form *dheuh₂?).

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-to?. from Old English dēad, dead, from Germanic *daudaz.
         dead  a.死的；無生命的；死氣沉沉的ad.完全地
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu?. from Old English dēath, death, from Germanic *dauthuz.
         death n.死，死亡；滅亡，毀滅，死因
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhow-yo?. from Old Norse deyja, to die.
         die    vi.死，死亡；(草木)枯萎，凋謝；渴望
4. Extended zero-grade form *dhu?i?, metathesized to *dhwi??, contracted to *dhwī?, whence suffixed form *dhwī-no?. from Old English dwīnan, to diminish, languish, from Germanic *dwīnan.
         dwindle v.縮小

[Pokorny 2. dheu? 260. ]
Compare dheu?-.

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→3411 : 2. dheu-, dhu?-ēi- 死去，暈倒，消失 to die, faint, vanish ;?身_75

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      deaden vt.抑制 （感情），緩和 （疼痛）,減弱 （聲音）
      deadliness n.致命
      deadly a.致命的;勢不兩立的;極度的;必定的
      deadness n.死，無生氣，死一樣的狀態
      deathless adj.不死的，不滅的
      deathly adv.& adj.死一般的/地，讓人想到死亡
      dies  名詞die的復數,動詞die的第三人稱單數
      dying adj.垂死的
  undying adj.不死的，不朽的，永恒的

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?? 流.123.d?eub-:流落深潛 Deep, hollow. (根: div, deep, dep, dip). Also dheubh-.
Deep, hollow.

1. from Old English dēop, deep, from Germanic *deupaz.
         deep  a.深的,深長的;深奧的;強烈的ad.深入的,遲
         depth n.深，深度,深奧,深刻
2. from Old English dyppan, to immerse, dip, from Germanic expressive denominative *duppjan.
         dip    v./n.浸,蘸
3. Parallel root form *dheubh?. from Old English d?fan, to dip, and dūfan, to sink, dive, from Germanic verb *dūbjan, from *deub?, *dub?.
         dive  v./n.潛水,跳水,俯沖
4. Suffixed parallel root form *dhū?bh-(o)n?, with expressive variants. from Greek Pūthōn and Tuphōn, mythical monsters, from *dhub(h)-n? and *b(h)ud(h)-n?, which already in Indo-European were doublets by inversion, referring to "bottom," "foundation," "depths," and the mythological monsters that inhabited them.
         python n.[動]大蟒,巨蟒
         Typhon 怪物提豐

[Pokorny dheu-b? 267.]

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→3414 : dheu-b-, dheu-p- 深的，空心的 deep, hollow ;?空_67, ?空_72

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      dimple n.酒窩,漣漪 vt.使起漣漪
      Donald
      dump v.傾倒,傾卸n.垃圾場
      Pythia
      Pythian {希臘神話} 皮提亞的：屬于或有關特爾斐神廟（特爾斐城阿波羅神廟）的，或有關其神諭的
      Pytho

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      deepen v.加深,深化
      deeply adv.深深地
      depths pl. 深處
      dipper 河烏
      diver n.潛水者
      divers 種種的
      diving n.潛水,跳水

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?? 流.124.d?eu?-:村鎮聚居 To close, finish, come full circle. (根: funer, down, town, dun). To close, finish, come full circle. Oldest form *dheuh₂?. Probably related to dheu-² , "to die."

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhū-no? (< *dhu?-no?), enclosed, fortified place; hill-fort.
   1. 1. from Old English dūn, hill;
               down  ad.下；由大到小prep.沿著…而下a.向下的
      2. from Middle Dutch dūne, sandy hill. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *dūnaz, possibly from *dhū-no?.
               dune  n.沙丘
   2. from Old English tūn, enclosed place, homestead, village, from Germanic *tūnaz, fortified place, borrowed from Celtic *dū-no?, hill, stronghold.
            town  n.市鎮；市民；城市商業區，鬧市區
2. Suffixed form *dhū-nes? (< *dhu?-nes?) from Latin fūnus, funeral.
         funeral n.喪葬,葬禮

[In Pokorny 4. dheu? 261.]

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      downer 鎮靜藥
      downy 絨毛覆蓋的
      township n.鎮區
      funerary adj.葬禮的，埋葬的
      funereal adj.送葬的，悲哀的，適合葬禮的

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?? --.125.d?eug?-:制作用具 To produce something of utility. (根:, ). To produce something of utility.

1. from Old English dyhtig, dohtig, strong (< "productive"), from Germanic extended form *duht?.
         doughty 勇敢強悍的
2. Suffixed form *dheugh-os?. from Greek teukhos (< *theukhos), gear, anything produced, tool, container, scroll.
         Heptateuch 舊約圣經的頭七卷
         Hexateuch 首六卷：《舊約全書》的頭六卷
         Pentateuch 《五經》：希伯來圣經首五卷

[Pokorny dheugh? 271.]

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→3417 : dheugh- 擠牛奶，按，摸 to milk, press, touch ;?吃_87, ?工_342, ?感_71

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?? 宙.126.d?g?em-:糊泥造人 Earth. (根: human, hum, chthon, humil, hom, cham, homi, homin, humb). Earth. Oldest form *dhg?hem?, becoming *dhghem? in centum languages.
Derivatives include bridegroom, chameleon, and homicide.

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *(dh)ghm?-on?, "earthling." from Old English guma, man, from Germanic *gumōn?.
         bridegroom 新郎
2. O-grade form *dh(e)ghom?. from Greek khthōn, earth.
         chthonic adj.地府鬼神的，地府的
   allochthon 外來體,外來動物
   autochthon 土著，原住民：指最早居住于一地的人；原始居民
3. Zero-grade form *dhghm??. from Greek khamai, on the ground.
         chamaephyte 地上芽植物：一種低矮的多年生植物，其冬眠越冬的芽長于地表或剛剛高出地面
         chameleon n.變色龍
         chamomile 甘菊
         germander 美洲石蠶：一種石蠶 屬通常芳香的植物，有帶紫或紅色的花朵
4. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-o?. from Latin humus, earth.
         humble a.謙卑的,恭順的;地位低下的v.降低,貶低
         humiliate 使伏在泥地上:vt.羞辱；使…丟臉；恥辱
         humility n.謙卑，謙遜
         humus n.腐殖質；腐植土
     exhume 為檢查死因掘出尸首
      inhume 埋葬
   transhumance 遷移性放牧
5. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-on?, "earthling."
   1. from Latin homō, human being, man;
            homage 成為你的人(臣服敬拜之禮):n.敬意，尊敬，效忠
            hombre 男人
            hominid adj.人類及其祖先的n.原始人類，人科動物
            hominin 人蛋白
            Homo  人屬
            homunculus 矮人，侏儒
            ombre 三人玩的奧伯爾牌戲；omber.
            omerta n.拒絕作證（黑手黨徒的一種行為準則）
      bonhomie 歡快友好的感覺
            homicide n.殺人，殺人犯
   2. from Latin hūmānus, human, kind, humane (in part from dhghem- ).
            human a.人的,人類的n.人
            humane adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的
6. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-yā?. from Old Russian zem?, land, earth.
         chernozem 黑鈣土：含豐富腐殖質的一種很黑的地表土，產于俄羅斯歐洲部分的草原地區等干旱溫涼地帶
         sierozem 灰鈣土：一種發現于從涼爽到溫帶干旱地區的土壤，表面為灰褐色，下面一層顏色稍淡，存在碳化或硬土層之中
         zemstvo 地方自治機構：俄國沙皇時代由選舉產生的委員會，其負責省屬區域的地方行政管理
7. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem?. from Persian zamīn, earth, land.
         zamindar 印度征收地稅者：在淪為殖民地前的印度，被派去征收他所管轄區土地稅的官員

[Pokorny g?h?em? 414.]

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→3620 : g?heem-, g?heom-, genitive-ablative g?h(e)m-és 土，土，土，腐殖質 earth, ground, soil, humus ;?天_21, ?天_212

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autochthonous adj.土生的,獨立的, 當地的, 地方性的

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      humbly adv.謙遜地,恭順地,卑微地,卑賤地
      humiliating adj.丟臉的；羞辱性的
      humiliation n.丟臉，恥辱；蒙羞；謙卑
  exhumation n.掘尸，發掘,剝璐
   inhumation 埋葬，土葬
      homicidal adj.嗜殺成性的
  dehumanization n.滅絕人性，非人化
  dehumanize 喪失人性的
      humanism n.人道主義adj.人道主義的
      humanist n.人道主義者，人文主義者adj.人道主義的
      humanistic adj.人文主義的
      humanitarian n.人道主義者，慈善家，博愛主義者adj.人道主義的，博愛的
      humanitarianism n.博愛主義,人道主義,<宗>基督凡人論
      humanity n.人類,人性,人情;(pl.)人文科學
      humanize vt.賦予人性,使通人情,教化 vi.變為有人性,變為有情,有教化
      humanly adv.像人地,用人力
      humanness n.為人，人性，為人的資格
   inhuman adj.野蠻的
   inhumanity 非人性，不人道
subhuman 非正常人的，不適合人類的
      humaneness n.深情，慈悲
   inhumane 不人道的

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?? 宙.127.d?g?(y)es-:昨天逝 Yesterday. (根: yester). Yesterday. Oldest form *dhg?h(y)es?, becoming *dhgh(y)es? in centum languages. Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter?.

      yester- 昨天：
      yesterday n.&ad.昨天；前不久 from Old English geostran, giestran, "yester?," from Germanic *ges-ter?.

[Pokorny g?h?i?és 416.]

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→3621 : g?hei?és, zero-grade g?heis, simplified to g?heés, g?hi? 昨天 yesterday ;?時_49

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?? 溯.128.d?īg?-:粘連固定 To stick, fix. (根: fix, fibul, dig, ditch, dik). To stick, fix.

1. 1. from Old English dīc, trench, moat;
            dike  n.堤防.vt.筑堤提防
            ditch n.溝,溝渠,水溝
   2. from Middle English diggen, to dig, from a source perhaps akin to Old French digue, trench. Both a and b from Germanic *dīk?.
            dig    v.挖,掘
2. from Latin fīgere, to fasten, fix, and from fībula, clasp (shortened from *fīvibula, from fīvere, archaic variant of fīgere).
         fibula 腓骨
         fichu 披肩式三角形女用薄圍巾：一種女用三角形薄圍巾，圍住肩膀并在胸前交叉松松地打一個結
         finca n.<西>種植園，莊園，地產
         fishgig 魚叉：一種用于刺魚的叉狀工具
         fix    v.(使)固定;修理;安裝;決定;注視n.困境
         fixate v.注視，(使)固定下來
         fixity n.固定性，固定物，不變性
         fixture n.夾具，固定裝置，固定物
      affix  vt.粘上，附上n.附加物，詞綴
   antefix 瓦檐飾；檐口飾：瓦房屋檐外的一種直的飾物，用于遮掩瓦排的結合部
         crucify 釘十字架:vt.十字架上釘死，折磨，克制
      infibulate 鎖陰：閉合或阻隔生殖器，尤其指藉由將女性的外陰唇縫合在一起或是將男性的包皮縫合，以此避免性交
      infix  中綴
         microfiche 縮微膠片
    prefix 前綴
    suffix 后綴，詞尾
   transfix vt.刺穿，釘住

[Pokorny dhēig^u?? 243.]

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→3383 : dhēigu?- : dhōigu?- : dhīgu?- 挖、種、刺、粘 to dig, plant, stab, stick ;?農_22, ?工_23, ?工_342

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      digger n.挖掘者,掘地獸
      fixative 定影劑
      fixed adj.固定的,確定的,準備好的,固執的,不易發揮的,[美口](在經濟上)處境...的
      fixedly adv.固定地,不屈地，堅定不移地
      fixer n.固定器,定色劑,定影劑,把事情暗中完結的人
      fixation n.固定；定位；定影
crucifixion n.苦痛的考驗,受難,刑罰,被釘死在十字架

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?? 追.129.d?reg-:拖拉滑咽 To draw, glide. (根: drink, drench, drown). To draw, glide. Oldest form *dhreg??, becoming *dhreg? in centum languages.

1. from Old English drincan, to drink, from nasalized Germanic form *drenkan, to draw into the mouth, drink.
         drink v.(drank,drunk)喝，飲n.飲料；喝酒
2. from Old English drencan, to soak, from nasalized o-grade Germanic causative form *drankjan, "to cause to drink.".
         drench v.濕透
3. from a Scandinavian or late Old English source similar to Old Norse drukkna, to drown, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *drunk-nōn.
         drown v.溺死,淹沒

[Pokorny dhreg?? 273.]

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→3423 : dhreg?- 拉 to pull ;?工_33

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      drank vbl.drink的過去式
      drinkable adj.可飲用的
      drinker n.喝的人,酒徒
      drinking n.喝,喝酒
  undrinkable adj.不能喝的，不能飲用的

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?? 追.130.d?reib?-:推驅流 To drive, push ; snow. (根: driv, drift, drov). To drive, push; snow.

1. from Old English drīfan, to drive, rush, from Germanic *drīban.
         drive v.開(車);驅;驅動,把(釘,樁)打入n.駕駛
         drove vbl.drive的過去式 n.畜群
2. from Middle English drift, drove, herd, akin to Old Norse drift, snowdrift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *driftiz.
         drift v./n.漂,漂流(物)

[Pokorny dhreibh? 274.]

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→3426 : dhreibh- 推動、推動、推動 to drive, push, thrust ;?行_65, ?行_67

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      driver n.駕駛員
      driving n.操縱,駕駛 adj.推進的,強勁的,精力旺盛的
overdrive vt.驅使過度,虐待 [機]超速傳動
      drifter n.漂流物，流浪者，漂網漁船

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?? 追.131.d?reu-:滴流垂落 To fall, flow, drip, droop. (根: drows, drip, drop, dreari, drizzl, droop, drowse). To fall, flow, drip, droop.
Derivatives include dreary, and drowse.

1. Extended form *dhreus?. from Old English -drysnian (in gedrysnian, to pass away, vanish), from zero-grade Germanic derived verb *drus-inōn.
         drizzle n.細雨 v.下毛毛雨
2. Extended o-grade form *dhrous?.
   1. from Old English drēor, flowing blood, from Germanic *drauzaz;
            dreary adj.沉悶的
   2. from Old English drūsian, to be sluggish, from Germanic *drūsjan.
            drowse vi.打瞌睡
3. Extended zero-grade form *dhrub?.
   1. from Old English dropa, drop, from Germanic *drupan;
            drop  n.滴;落下;微量v.落下;下降;失落
   2. from Old Norse drūpa, to hang down, from Germanic *drūpōn, to let fall;
            droop v.低垂,凋萎,萎靡
   3. from Middle English drippen, to drip, drop, from an unattested Old English *dryppan or another source akin to Old English droppa, drop, from Germanic geminated *drupp?;
            drip  v.滴下,漏水n.滴,水滴,點滴
   4. Germanic *drup?, to drip, in compound *obisdrup? (see upo-).
4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhrubh-yo?. from Greek thruptein, to crumble.
         lithotripter 碎石器：一種把沖擊波通入病人所坐的裝滿水的盒，從而粉碎腎結石的器械。這種器械可把結石粉碎成較小塊，從尿道排出
         lithotrity 碎石術：一種外科手術，粉碎膀胱或尿道中的結石使其隨尿排出體外

[Pokorny dhreu? 274.]

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→3427 : dhreu- 磨碎，粉碎 to grind, crumble ;?吃_56

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---

      drizzly adj.下毛毛雨的,蒙蒙,濛濛
      drearily adv.沉寂地，厭倦地，可怕地
      dreariness n.沉寂，可怕，凄涼
      drowsily adv.睡地，懶洋洋地，昏昏欲睡地
      drowsiness n.睡意,嗜睡
      drowsy adj.昏昏欲睡的,催眠的,(街、市等)沉寂的
      droplet n.小滴
      dropper n.使滴下的東西，點滴器
      droopy adj.下垂的，無精打采的
      dripping n.滴,滴下,滴下物,油滴
      drippy adj.滴落的，多雨的，潮濕的

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?? d語.132.d?ug?ter-:兒女 Daughter. (根:, ). Daughter. Oldest form *dhugh₂ter?.

      daughter n.女兒 from Old English dohtor, daughter, from Germanic *dohtēr.

[Pokorny dhug(h)?ter 277.]

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→3432 : dhug(h)?ter- 女兒 daughter ;?人_42

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?? 家.133.d?wer-:門口論壇 Door, doorway (usually in plural). (根: fore, door, thyr). Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an ablauting noun *dhwor, *dhur?, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o?) surrounding the house proper.
Derivatives include forest, and foreign.

1. Zero-grade form *dhur? in suffixed forms *dhur-n?s (accusative plural) and *dhur-o? (neuter) from Old English duru, door (feminine, originally plural), and dor, door (neuter), respectively from Germanic *durunz and *duram.
         door  n.門；門口，出入口；門狀物；家；通道
2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-āns (accusative plural) from Latin forās, (toward) out of doors, outside.
         farouche 粗野的：兇猛的；狂野的：
         foreign a.外國的,(to)無關的;外來的;異質的
         vicar forane 樞機主教長：由主教指定的牧師，在教區內對牧師行使受限制的管轄權
3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ois (locative plural) from Latin forīs, (being) out of doors.
         forest n.森林
      afforest 綠化；造林于空地
         faubourg 郊區，近郊：新奧爾良市的一個區，位于主城的外圍參見 [beignet]
         foreclose 關在外面v.阻止；排除；取消抵押品贖回權
         forfeit 做過界限:n.罰金；沒收物；喪失的東西adj.因受罰而喪失的；被沒收的,vt.(因犯罪、失職、違約等)喪失(權利、名
4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o?. from Latin forum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space around a home).
         forensic 關于論壇的:adj.法院的；辯論的；適于法庭的
         forum n.論壇,討論會
5. from Old Persian duvara?, door, gate.
         Dari 達里語,達里
         durbar n.接見室，正式接見
6. Zero-grade form *dhur?. from Greek thurā, door.
         thyroid n.甲狀腺,甲狀軟骨
         thyreophoran 甲狀腺炎

[Pokorny dhu?ē?r? 278.]

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→3435 : dhu?ē?r-, dhu?ō?r-, dhur-, dhu?r?- 門 door ;?住_22

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      doors 名詞door的復數形式. n. 門
      foreigner n.外國人
      foreignness 外國（人）的特性
  deforest 毀林
  deforestation n.采伐森林,森林開伐
      forested adj.草木叢生的,被森林所覆蓋的
      forester n.林務官,森林人
      forestry n.林產,森林地,林學
   reforestation 再造林
   afforestation 植樹造林
      foreclosure n.喪失抵押品贖回權

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?? t轉.134.dleg?-:忙碌 To engage oneself. (根: play, dulg, pledg, plight). To engage oneself. European root found in Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and possibly Latin.

1. 1. from Old English plegian, to exercise oneself, play;
            play  v.玩，做游戲；參加比賽n.游戲；玩耍；劇本
   2. from Late Latin plevium (> Old French plevir, to pledge), pledge, guarantee;
            pledge n.誓約;保證v.發誓;保證
      frankpledge 十戶聯保制：一種盎格魯-撒克遜的法律體系，其中形成含有十戶人家的單位或十戶區，在一單位或十戶區里，成員們對彼此的行為都負有責任
            replevin 財物的發還：重新取得被稱為或宣告為非法掠走的個人財產的行為
   3. from Old English pliht, danger, peril, from Germanic derivative noun *plehti?. a-c from Germanic *plegan, probably altered (by dissimilation) from *tlegan.
            plight n.困境,婚約.v.保證
2. Zero-grade form *dl?gh?. from Latin indulgēre, to indulge, explained by some as from prefixed and suffixed stative form *en-dl?gh-ē? (*en?, in; see en ).
      indulge v.縱容,沉溺

[Pokorny dhl?gh? 271.]

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→3419 : dhl?gh- 債務、罪惡感、責任 debt, guilt, duty ;?商_64, ?情_76

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foreplay 前戲
interplay n.相互影響,相互作用
overplay 過于重視
      playable adj.可玩的,宜玩的,可演的,可演奏的
      player n.做游戲的人,比賽者,演員,演奏者,表演者
      players 運動員
      playful a.愛玩耍的,幽默的
      playfully adv.愛玩地，戲謔地
   replay vt.重新比賽,重新表演,重放 n.重賽
underplay vt.淡化…的重要性,使顯得不如其實際重要,表演（角色）不充分,為了不充分顯示力量而小心行事 vi.表演角色不充分（或有節制）
   indulgence n.放任
self-indulgence n.放縱，任性

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?? d語.135.dn?g?ū-:舌言搭嘴 Tongue. (根: lingu, langu, tongu, ligu, ling). Tongue. Oldest form *dn?g?huh₂?, becoming *dn?g?hū? in satem languages and *dn?ghū? in centum languages.

1. 1. from Old English tunge, tongue;
            tongue n.舌;語言
   2. from Middle Dutch tonghe, tongue. Both a and b from Germanic *tungōn?.
            biltong 干肉：曬干的細肉條
2. from Latin lingua (< Archaic Latin dingua), tongue, language.
         language n.語言,術語,(運用語言的)方式、風格
         languet 舌狀的：舌狀的東西、部分或過程
         ligula （昆蟲的）唇舌：舌狀的或舌尖狀結構，尤指一些昆蟲的嘴唇
         ligule 舌葉：帶狀結構，如傘形頭狀花序的花冠，或草葉的葉束與葉片之間的膜狀或茸毛狀附著物
         lingo n.(尤指)方言,行話,隱語
         lingua n.舌
         linguine n.（意大利）扁面條
         linguist n.語言學家
      bilingual adj.雙語的

[Pokorny dn?g?hū 223.]

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→3361 : dn?g?hū, dn?g?hu?ā 舌頭 tongue ;?身_26

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      linguistic adj.語言的，語言學的
      linguistics n.語言學

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      tongued adj.說話…的
   bilingualism 雙語
      lingual 舌的，語言的
sublingual adj.舌下的，舌下腺的
      linguistically adv.語言學方面

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?? 分.136.dō-:給出 To give. (根: dat, tra, dit, don, dot, nt, dos, dow, nder, treas, dor). To give. Oldest form *deh₃?, colored to *doh₃?, becoming *dō?.
Derivatives include betray, surrender, vend, dose, and antidote.

1. 1. Zero-grade form *d??. from Latin dare, to give;
            dado 護壁板
            date  n.日期,年代v.注明…的日期n./v.約會
            dative 與格的
            datum n.數據,資料
            die vi.死，死亡；(草木)枯萎，凋謝；渴望
            add vt.加；增加(進)；進一步說/寫vi.(to)增添
            betray v.背叛,出賣;暴露,流露,泄露
          edition n.版,版本,版次
       perdition 墮入地獄
         render v.使得,致使;提出,提供,呈報
         rent    v.租,租賃n.租金
      surrender vi.投降，屈服vt.放棄，交出n.投降，認輸
        tradition n.傳統；慣例；傳說
            traitor n.叛徒；賣國賊；背信棄義的人
            treason 交付出去:n.叛國罪；不忠
            vend vt.出售（尤指土地等財產）,（尤指在公共場所）販賣,發表（意見，言論）,聲明
   2. Greek dosis, something given (see 4 below).
2. Suffixed form *dō-no?. from Latin dōnum, gift.
         donation n.捐贈品,捐款,貢獻
         donative 特別贈物：一件特別的捐贈物；一件禮物
         donor n.捐贈人 n.[化] 原料物質
   condone vt.寬恕，赦免。原為法律術語，出自19世紀英國的《婚約訴訟法》，表示“夫妻一方對另一方的通奸行為以不再重犯為條件的寬
    pardon n.原諒,寬恕;請再說一遍v.原諒,饒恕,赦免
3. Suffixed form *dō-t(i)?.
   1. from Latin dōs (genitive dōtis), dowry;
            dot    n.點,圓點v.在…上打點
            dowager 孀居貴婦
            dower 嫁妝；給以嫁妝；天賦；亡夫遺產
            dowry n.嫁妝，亡夫遺產，天資
        endow  vt.賦予，捐贈，天生具有
   2. from Russian dacha, gift, dacha, from Slavic *datja;
            dacha 鄉間別墅
   3. from Russian samizdat, samizdat, from dat', to give.
      samizdat n.<俄>地下出版物,私出版物
4. Suffixed form *dō-ro?. from Greek dōron, gift.
   lobster thermidor 蘑菇龍蝦：以龍蝦制成的一道菜，即把龍蝦肉和奶油醬混在一起塞進龍蝦殼內，撒上奶酪，并烘焦
   Pandora 潘多拉
5. Reduplicated form *di-dō?. from Greek didonai, to give, with zero-grade noun dosis (< *d?-ti?), something given.
         dose  n.劑量,一服,一劑v.(給…)服藥
   anecdote 不向外發布:n.軼聞，秘史，奇聞。源自拜占庭帝國歷史學家普羅科匹阿斯(Procopius)的未出版著作《秘史》[T8
   antidote 給出相對之物:n.解藥，解毒劑，矯正方法
   apodosis 條件句的結論句：條件句的主句，如{The game will be canceled}（比賽將取消） 在句子 {The game will be canceled if it rains}（如果下雨比賽將取消） 中
    epidote 綠簾石：一種黃色、綠色或黑色的，有光澤的礦物Ca2(Al，Fe) 3(SiO 4) 3OH，通常發現于變質巖中

[Pokorny dō? 223.]

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→3362 : dō- : d?-, also dō-u- : d?u- : du- 給，捐 to give, donate ;?商_21

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      donate n.v.捐贈，捐獻
quitrent 免役租，代役租：自由民支付的租金來代替封建慣例要求的服役

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antedate vt.（在歷史上）比…為早,先于,早于,（在信、支票等上）填寫比實際日期早的日期
      datable adj.可確定時代的 n.按日計工資
      dated adj.有日期的,陳舊的
      dateless adj.無日期的,無期限的,不可能過時的, 永恒的
      dating n.約會.v.約會
postdate vt.填遲…的日期 n.事后日期
 predate v.提早日期,居先
      data  n.(datum的復數)資料，數據
      adder 蝰蛇
  addition n.加，加法；附加部分，增加(物)
  additional a.額外的，附加的，另外的
  additionally ad.另外,同時
  additive adj.附加的，加法的n.附加劑，附加物
      betrayal n.背叛；辜負；暴露
      betrayer n.叛徒，背叛者
   rendering n.翻譯,表演,（墻壁的）初涂，打底,（建筑物等）透視圖 vt.致使,表演,打底(render的ing形式) vi.給予補償
 rendition n.表演,演唱,翻譯
   rental n.租金額
   rentals n. 租費，租金額
   rented adj.租用的,租金的
   renter n.租貸人
  traditional adj.傳統的,慣例的,口傳的,傳說的
  traditionalism 傳統主義
  traditionalist n.傳統主義者,因循守舊者
  traditionally ad.傳統上,照慣例
      traitorous 背叛的
      treasonable adj.背叛的，叛國的，不忠的
      treasonous adj.叛逆的，不忠的
  vender n.賣主，售賣者
vendor n.賣主，供應商；小販；自動售貨機
 pardonable 可原諒的，可赦免的
      dotted adj.有點的,星羅棋布的
  endowment n.捐贈；捐助；捐款；天資
      dosage n.劑量，用量
      dosed 劑量；一劑；一服；給 ... 服藥
overdose n.配藥量過多 vt.配藥過量,使服藥過量
anecdotal adj.軼事的；軼事一樣的；多軼事的

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?? 分.137.dus-:錯惡壞 Bad, evil ; mis- (used as a prefix). (根:, ). Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of deu-¹.

1. from Greek dus?, bad.
         dys- 不正常的：
2. from Sanskrit Durgā, Durga (short for durgā devī, goddess who is difficult to approach), from durgā, feminine of durga?, difficult to approach, from dus? (becoming dur? before voiced consonants), bad, difficult (*-ga?, going, coming; see g^wā- ).
         Durga 杜爾加

[Pokorny dus? 227.]

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→3367 : dus- 壞，壞，壞 bad, foul, evil ;?情_72, ?宗_35

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      dysarthria 發音困難，構音障礙：發音肌肉損傷所造成發音困難與不清晰
      dyslexia n.難語癥；誦讀困難；閱讀障礙
      dysmenorrhea 痛經
      dysplasia n.發育異常，發育不良，（由發育異常形成的）異常結構

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?? 分.138.dwo-:二兩分開 Two. (根: twi, dou, balanc, dupl, bin, dipl, dual, twe, du, bis, twa, two, duo, dodec, deu, doz). Two.
Derivatives include twilight, biscuit, between, combine, diploma, and doubt.

1. Variant form *duwo.
   1. 1. from Old English twā?, two (nominative feminine and neuter);
               two    num.二，兩個n.兩個(人或物)
      2. from Old English twēgen, two (nominative and accusative masculine). Both a and b from Germanic *twa, two.
               twain n.兩,雙,二,一對
               twayblade 羊耳蒜，雙葉蘭：多種羊耳蘭 和 葉蘭 屬的小型陸生蘭花中的一種，通常有一對葉片，頂端有一簇發綠或發紫色的花
   2. from Old English twelf, twelve, and twelfta, twelfth, from Germanic compound *twa-lif?, "two left (over from ten)," twelve (*-lif?, left; see leik^w- ).
            twelfth n.第十二,十二分之一 adj.第十二的,第十二個的,十二分之一的
            twelve num.十二pron./a.十二(個，只...)
2. Adverbial form *dwis and combining form *dwi?.
   1. 1. from Old English twi?, two;
               twilight n.黎明,微光,略知 adj.微明的,黃昏的,黎明的,模糊的
      2. from Old High German zwi?, twice. Both a and b from Germanic *twi?.
               zwieback 烤干面包片
               zwitterion 兩性離子：帶有正負電荷的分子
   2. from Latin bis (combining form bi?), twice.
            bi- 二：
            bis    重復
            bis- 
            balance v.稱,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差額,余款
            barouche 四輪四座大馬車：帶折疊篷的四輪馬車，內有兩個彼此相對的雙人座位，外側前部有供趕車人坐的包箱式座位
            bezel 寶石的斜面
            biscuit n.餅干,點心
            bistort 拳參：一種歐亞產多年生草本植物圓穗蓼 ，通常生有圓柱形穗狀花序的粉色花朵和民間醫學中用于止血藥的根莖
   3. from Greek dis (combining form di?), twice.
            di- 兩個（的）；兩次（的）；雙的：
   4. from Old English -twist, divided object, fork, rope, from Germanic *twis.
            twist v.捻;擰;扭曲;蜿蜒曲折而行n.擰;歪曲;曲折
   5. from Old English twige, twiga, twice, from Germanic *twiyes.
            twice ad.兩次,兩倍
   6. from Old English twēntig, twenty, from Germanic compound *twēgentig, "twice ten" (*-tig, ten; see dekm? ).
            twenty num.二十pron./a.二十(個，只...)
   7. from Old English twīn, double thread, from Germanic *twīhna, double thread, twisted thread.
            twine v.（使）纏繞；（使）交織；編飾n.麻線；細繩；搓；合股線
   8. from Old English betwēonum and betweox, betwix, between, from Germanic compounds *bi-twīhna and *bi-twisk, "at the middle point of two" (bi, at, by; see ambhi ).
        between prep.在…之間，在(兩者)之間ad.在中間
        betwixt 在中間
            twixt 在中間
   9. from Old English twilic, woven of double thread, from Germanic compound *twilic?, "two-threaded fabric.".
            twill 斜紋布
   10. Suffixed form *dwis-no?.
       1. from Old English twinn, getwinn, two by two, twin, from Germanic *twisnaz, double;
                twin  a.雙的,成對的,孿生的n.孿生子,雙生子
       2. from Latin bīnī, two by two, two each.
                bi- 二：
                binal 兩折的；成雙的
                binary adj.二進位的,二元的
          combine v.聯合；結合；化合n.集團；聯合企業
                pinochle n.一種紙牌游戲
   11. Suffixed form *dwi-ko?. from Old English twigge, a branch, from Germanic *twig(g)a, a fork.
             twig  分叉:n.小枝；嫩枝；末梢
   12. Compound *dwi-plo?, twofold (*-plo?,-fold; see pel-²). from Greek diploos, diplous, twofold.
             diplo- 雙倍的：
             diploe 板障骨：顱骨骨盤堅硬外層與里層之間的海綿狀的骨質組織
             diploid 二倍體的
             diploma 對折的:畢業證書，學位證書；公文，文書；獎狀vt.發給畢業文憑
       anadiplosis 聯珠法，前詞遞接法：一種修辭方法，連續兩個短句中，后一句句首修飾性地重復前一句句尾某個詞或詞組；例如，他為人忠誠－忠誠不移
             diplodocus 梁龍
   13. Suffixed reduplicated form *dwi-du-mo?. from Greek didumos, double, the testicles.
             didymium 符號 {Di} 釹鐠合金：一種金屬混合金屬，曾被當作一個元素，是由釹和鐠組成的
             didymous 成對的：成雙安排或生長的；成對的
             epididymis 附睪：一個長而窄并迂回的管子，為輸精組織一部分，位于睪丸后部，通向輸精管
   14. Suffixed form *dwi-gha. from Greek dikha, in two.
             dichasium 歧傘花序，二歧聚傘花序：一種聚傘花序，有兩個側花或兩個側枝，其生于頂生花下面兩個相對的點
             dicho- 成兩個；分成兩部分：
   15. from Sanskrit dvīpa?, island, from earlier *dvi-?p-o? "having water on two sides" (*ap?, ?p?, water).
             Dhivehi 迪維希河
3. Inflected form *duwō.
   1. from Latin duo, two.
            deuce 局末平分
            dozen n.一打,十二個
            dual  adj.雙的，雙重的
            duet  兩種聲音構成的小樂曲:n.二重奏，二重唱
            duo    n.[意] 二重唱,藝人的一對
            duo-  二：
            duodecimal 十二進制；十二進制的；十二進位的
            duumvir 雙頭掌權者之一
   2. from Greek duo, duō, two.
            duad  有兩個物體的單位；一對
            dyad n.對,雙,二價元素,二分體
            dodecagon 十二邊形
            hendiadys 二詞一義，重言法
4. Variant form *du?.
   1. Compound *du-plo?, twofold (*-plo?,-fold; see pel-²). from Latin duplus, double.
            double n.|a.兩倍(的).vt.使加倍
            doublet 緊身短上衣，對聯
            doubloon 達布?。ㄎ靼嘌琅f時的金幣）
            duple 雙重的；二倍的
   2. Compound *du-plek?, twofold (*-plek?,-fold; see plek-). from Latin duplex, double.
            duplex adj.雙工，雙重的，復式的n.雙工，復式公寓
            duplicate v.復制adj.復制的n.副本，復制品
            duplicity 欺騙
      conduplicate 摺合的：縱向折疊的，如某些葉子或一些花朵的花瓣
   3. Suffixed form *du-bhw-io?. from Latin dubius, doubtful (< "hesitating between two alternatives"), and dubitāre, to be in doubt.
            doubt n./v.懷疑,疑慮
            dubious adj.可疑的；曖昧的；無把握的；半信半疑的
         redoubtable 令人敬畏的
5. Also ultimately from this root, although the exact preform is unclear, is the Middle Indic prefix *du?, two.
         dupatta 一條,杜帕塔

[Pokorny du?ō(u) 228.]

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→3369 : du?ō(u) 兩個，迪奧 two, duo ;?算_12

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    'tween
      dia- 通過：
      diadelphous 兩體的：具有合成兩組的花絲的：
      diapir 底辟作用：在背斜褶曲內的可活動巖核（如鹽或石膏），穿透覆于其上的較脆的巖層
      Diaspora 大流散：從公元前 6世紀被驅逐到巴比倫起直到現在，猶太人在以色列以外的分散狀況
      dicrotism 重脈搏，二脈波：心臟每跳動一次時脈搏發生兩次搏動的情況
      diglossia 雙重語體
      dimer n.二聚物
      diphyodont 雙套牙齒的：有二套持續牙齒的，一套乳齒和一套恒齒交替的
      dipteral {建筑學} 雙排柱式的：如一些希臘神廟那種擁有兩排廊柱的建筑物
      mistletoe 槲寄生
      tway 
      twibill 有兩個刃的戰斧
      twofold adj.兩部分的,雙重的 adv.兩部分地,雙重地

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      doubtful a.可疑的,不確的,疑心的
      doubtfully adv.懷疑地,含糊地
      doubtless adv.無疑地；確定地；大概，多半adj.無疑的；確定的
   redoubt 掩體，堡壘
      twosome n.兩人一起，一隊，兩人玩的游戲
      balanced adj.平穩的,安定的,和諧的
      balancer n.權衡者
counterbalance vt.使平均,彌補.n.平衡量,平衡力
  imbalance n.不平衡,不均衡
  imbalanced adj.失衡的；失調的
overbalance vt.& vi.（使）失去平衡而歪倒
  unbalance v.使能避免的，使心情紊亂 n.失去平衡，紊亂
  unbalanced adj.不均衡的,錯亂的,不穩定的,收支不平衡的
      twister 旋風，龍卷風
  entwine v.纏住，盤繞，使纏繞
intertwine v.纏繞，糾纏，交織
      twinned adj.成雙成對的，一胎雙生的，孿晶生成
combination n.結合，聯合；化合；團體；組合數碼
combinatorial adj.組合的
recombination n.再結合,再化合,復合
recombine vt.再結合，重組
      twiggy adj.多細枝的，小枝繁茂的
      dualism n.二元論，二重性，二神教
      dualist n.二元論者
      dualistic adj.二元的
      duality n.二元性
      doubly adv.加倍地，雙倍地,兩方面地,有雙重原因造成,倍增
      duplication n.復制；副本；成倍
   reduplicate 復制，加倍
      duplicitous adj.搞兩面派的

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?? 宙.139.dyeu-:光天日神 To shine (and in many derivatives, sky, heaven, god ). (根: Di, de, journ, dei, divin, jovial, Ju, div, mal, diet, July, Tu, Ze). To shine (and in many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god"). Zero-grades *dyu? and *diw?.
Derivatives include Tuesday, divine, jovial, Jupiter, diary, dismal, journey, and psychedelic.

1. Basic form *dyeu?, Jove, the name of the god of the bright sky, head of the Indo-European pantheon.
   1. from Latin Iovis, Jupiter, or Iov?, stem of Iuppiter, Jupiter.
            Jove 朱庇特
            jovial 歡樂的
            apojove
            perijove 佩里喬夫
            Sangiovese 桑吉歐費斯葡萄：原產于意大利的一種葡萄，用來制作紅酒，尤指勤地酒
   2. from Latin Iūlius, "descended from Jupiter" (name of a Roman gens), from derivative *iou-il?.
            July  n.七月
   3. Vocative compound *dyeu-p?ter, "O father Jove" (*p?ter?, father; see p?ter-). from Latin Iuppiter, Iūpiter, head of the Roman pantheon.
            Jupiter 朱庇特，木星
   4. from Greek Zeus (genitive Dios), Zeus.
            Dione {希臘神話} 狄俄涅：宙斯的阿佛洛狄忒的母親
            Zeus  宙斯
            dianthus n.石竹類屬植物（如康乃馨、美國石竹等）
            Dioscuri 狄奧斯庫里的：卡斯托耳與帕洛克斯，勒達的孿生兒子，海倫和克萊特姆內斯特拉的兄弟。它們被宙斯變成雙子星座
2. Noun *deiwos, god, formed by e-insertion to the zero-grade *diw? and suffixation of (accented) -o?.
   1. 1. from Old English Tīw (genitive Tīwes), god of war and sky;
               Tiu 蒂烏：日耳曼神話中的戰爭和天空之神
               Tuesday n.星期二
      2. from Old Norse T?r, sky god. Both a and b from Germanic *Tīwaz.
               Tyr 提爾：挪威的戰爭神，雯丁的兒子
   2. from Latin deus, god.
            deism 自然神論
            deity n.神，神性
            joss 偶像；神像
          adieu 再見
          adios int.再見，一路平安
            deific 神化的：使或傾向于使…神圣的
            deus ex machina 解圍之神：希臘或羅馬戲劇中，用舞臺機關送下來的消除劇情沖突或使主人公擺脫困境的神
   3. from Latin dīvus, divine, god.
            diva  女神:n.歌劇中的首席女主角
            divine adj.神圣的，非凡的，天賜的，極好的v.占卜，預言
   4. from Latin dīves, rich (< "fortunate, blessed, divine").
            Dis    說,數字化信息系統
            Dives 富豪：擁有大量財富的人
   5. Suffixed zero-grade form *diw-yo?, heavenly. from Latin Diāna, moon goddess.
            Diana 黛安娜（月亮和守獵女神）：狩獵和分娩女神，傳統上同月亮有關系并且與希臘阿耳忒彌斯（月亮和狩獵女神）是一致的
   6. from Sanskrit deva?, god, and deva?, divine.
            deva  提婆,德瓦
            Devi  濕婆：女神，有各種表現形式及任務，特別是指濕婆的配偶
            deodar 雪松：一種高大的西洋杉，（雪松{ }雪松屬） ，原產于喜馬拉雅山脈，樹枝下垂，葉子黑綠色，在印度是一種重要的木材
            Devanagari 梵文：梵語和許多現代印度語言書寫用的字母系統
   7. from Avestan daēuua?, spirit, demon.
      Asmodeus 猶太人的魔鬼研究中的眾魔之王
3. Variant *dyē? (< *dye??) from Latin diēs, day.
         dial  n.鐘(表)面,刻度盤,撥號盤v.撥號,打電話
         diary n.日記,日記簿
         diet  n.飲食,食物
    dismal 壞日子:adj.憂郁，陰沉的，凄涼的n.低落的情緒
         diurnal adj.每日的，一日的n.日報，日記賬
         journal n.定期刊物,雜志,日報;日志,日記
         journey n.旅行,旅程v.旅行
     adjourn 指定一天:v.推遲，延期，休會，換地方開會
         ajouré
   circadian 生理節奏的
   meridian 子午線，經線
   postmeridian 午后的；午后發生的
   quotidian 普通的，日常的
     sojourn 停留一日n.v.旅居，逗留
4. Variant *dei??. from Greek dēlos (< *deyalos), clear.
   psychedelic adj.起幻覺的,迷幻的 n.迷幻劑
       adelgid 球蚜

[Pokorny 1. dei? 183.]

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→3322 : 1. dei-, dei??-, dī-, di?ā- 閃耀，閃耀；白天，太陽；上帝，神 to shine, glitter; day, sun; god, deity ;?天_52, ?時_41, ?感_56, ?宗_12

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      deify 奉為神明的
      Deus  上帝，神
      journeyman 學徒期滿的學徒工
      Julian 朱利安：羅馬皇帝（361-363年），曾試圖恢復對異教徒的法定統治
      Julius

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      joviality n.快活
      jovially adv.愉快地，高興地
      divination n.預言
      divinatory adj.占卦的
      diviner n.占卜者，占卦的人
      divinity n.神；神性；神學
      diarist n.記日記者，負日記專責的人，日記作者
 dismally adv.陰暗地，沉悶地
  adjournment n.休會,延期,休會期,休庭期
psychedelia 迷幻音樂，迷幻藝術
      deification n.祀為神，奉若神明，被奉為神者
      deify 奉為神明的

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?? 抓.140.tag-:觸摸碰搭 To touch, handle. (根: tegr, tast, tact, tang, tamin, tax, tain, tire, task, taxi, teg). To touch, handle.

1. Nasalized form *ta-n-g?. from Latin tangere, to touch, with derivatives taxāre, to touch, assess (possibly a frequentative of tangere, but probably influenced by Greek tassein, taxai, to arrange, assess), and tāctus, touch.
         tact  n.機智，圓滑，老練，鑒賞力
         tangent 正切，切線
         tangible 可觸摸到的:adj.有形的n.有形資產
         task  n.任務,作業,工作
         taste v.品嘗;(of)有…味道;體驗n.滋味;味覺
         tax    n.稅(款),負擔v.對…征稅,使負重擔
      attain vt.達到；完成；獲得vi.達到
   contact v./n.(使)接觸,聯系,交往
      intact a.完整無缺的,未經觸動的,未受損傷的
2. Compound form *n?-tag-ro?, "untouched, intact" (*n??, negative prefix; see ne). from Latin integer, intact, whole, complete, perfect, honest.
     entire a.完全的,全部的,完整的
      integer 整數
      integrate v.(into,with)(使)成為一體,(使)結合在一起
      integrity n.正直,誠實;完整,完全
3. Suffixed form *tag-smen?. from Latin contāmināre, to corrupt by mixing or contact (< *con-tāmen?, "bringing into contact with"; con?, com?, with; see kom ).
   contaminate v.弄污,弄臟,毒害,傳染,染污

[Pokorny tag? 1054.]

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→4958 : tag-, or teg- : tog- : teg- 抓住，抓住，觸摸 to grip, seize, touch ;?商_14, ?感_71

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      tactoreceptor 對觸摸作出反應的感受器
      tangoreceptor 對觸摸和按壓能夠做出反應的皮膚感應器

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      tactful 老練的，得體的
      tactfully adv.言行得體地，不得罪人地，能贏得好感地
      tactless 沒策略的，得罪人的
      tangential 正切的，稍微沾邊的
      tangentially adv.無關地
   intangible adj.無形的，觸摸不到的；難以理解的
      tangibly adv.可觸摸的，可觸知地，明白地
 distaste n.討厭,嫌惡
 distasteful a.味道差的,反感的
 distastefully 不愉快地.；味差
foretaste n.預示,先試,試吃 vt.先試,快樂地期待,預嘗
      tasteful adj.有鑒賞力的
      tastefully adv.有良好判斷力或鑒賞力地,舉止得體地,風流地,高雅地
      tasteless adj.沒味道的,無鑒賞力的
      taster n.審閱人,品酒師
      tasty adj.好吃的,可口的 n.好吃的東西,吸引人的東西
      taxable adj.應征稅的
      taxation n.課稅,征稅,抽稅,稅款,估定的稅額
      taxes n.賦稅,稅收
      taxing adj.繁重的,費力的
   attainable adj.可到達的，可得到的
   attainment n.達到；成就；學識
   intactness n.完整無缺，未受損傷
  entirely adv.完全地,全然地,一概地
  entirety n.全部,完全
disintegrate vt.使分解；使碎裂；使崩潰；使衰變vi.瓦解；碎裂；衰變
disintegration n.瓦解，崩潰；分解
   integral adj.積分的；完整的，整體的；必須的n.積分；部分；完整
   integrally adv.完整地，固有地
   integrated adj.綜合的,完整的
   integration n.集成；綜合
   integrative adj.綜合的，一體化的
   integrator n.綜合者
reintegrate vt.使重新完整,復興,再團結
contamination n.污染，玷污；污染物
decontaminate 排除污染
decontamination n.凈化，排除污染,去污,洗除

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?? 鉆.141.tauro-:凸公金牛 Bull. (根: taur, tor, Taurus). Bull. Derivative of stā- , but an independent word in Indo-European.

1. from Latin taurus, bull.
         taurine ?；撬?/span>
         Taurus 金牛座
         toreador 斗牛士
         torero n.（尤指徒步的）斗牛士
         bittern 麻鴉
2. from Greek tauros, bull.
         taurocholic acid ?；悄懰幔阂环N結晶狀酸，C26H 45NO 7S，涉及脂肪的乳化作用，在人、牛和其他哺乳動物的膽汁中作為鈉鹽出現

[In Pokorny tēu? 1080.]

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?? 抓.142.tegu-:厚重凸粗 Thick. (根: thick). Thick.

      thick a.厚的，粗的，稠的，濃的ad.厚，濃，密 from Old English thicce, thick, from Germanic *thiku?.

[Pokorny tegu? 1057.]

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→4968 : tegu- 厚的，肥的 thick, fat ;?空_63

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      thickness n.厚度,濃度,稠密

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      thicken vt.(使)變厚,(使)變粗
      thickener 增稠劑
      thickly adv.厚地 濃地

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?? 抓.143.tek-:生娃肚鼓 To beget, give birth to. (根:, ). To beget, give birth to.

1. Suffixed form *tek-no?, child. from Old English thegn, freeman, nobleman, military vassal, warrior, from Germanic *thegnaz, boy, man, servant, warrior.
         thane n.大鄉紳，領主
2. Suffixed o-grade form *tok-o?. from Greek tokos, birth.
         oxytocic 催產的：加速或促進生孩子，尤指促使子宮的收縮。用于藥
         polytocous 多胎的，一胎產多仔的：在一次生育中產下許多后代的
         tocology 產科學：分娩的科學；助產學或產科學

[Pokorny 1. tek? 1057.]

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→4972 : 1. tek- 生育，生產 to bear, produce ;?動_73

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?? 溯.144.teks-:編織技術 To weave ; also to fabricate, especially with an ax ; (根: techn, text, tect, tle, till, tiss, toil). To weave; also to fabricate, especially with an ax; also to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls. Oldest form *tek?s?, becoming *teks? in centum languages.
Derivatives include text, tissue, subtle, architect, and technology.

1. from Latin texere, to weave, fabricate.
         text  n.正文，文本；原文；教科書
         tissue n.織物,薄絹,紙巾;(動,植物的)組織
   context n.（文章等）前后關系；(事件等發生的)背景
    pretext 預先編好的:n.借口，托辭vt.以……為借口
2. Suffixed form *teks-lā?.
   1. from Latin tēla, web, net, warp of a fabric, also weaver's beam (to which the warp threads are tied);
            tiller n.耕者,農夫,(船的)舵柄
            toil  n.苦工,圈套.v.費力地做
   2. from Latin subtīlis, thin, fine, precise, subtle (< *sub-tēla, "thread passing under the warp," the finest thread; sub, under; see upo ).
      subtle a.精巧的,巧妙的;細微的,微妙的
3. Suffixed form *teks-ōn?, weaver, maker of wattle for house walls, builder (possibly contaminated with *teks-tōr, builder) from Greek tektōn, carpenter, builder.
         tectonic 地殼構造的
   architect n.建筑師；設計師；締造者；創造者
4. Suffixed form *teks-nā?, craft (of weaving or fabricating) from Greek tekhnē, art, craft, skill.
         technical a.技術(性)的，工藝的；專門性的，專業性的
   polytechnic adj.工藝的 n.工藝學校
         technology n.科學技術；工業技術；應用科學
5. 1. from Old High German dahs, badger;
            dachshund 獵獾狗
   2. from Middle Dutch das, badger. Both a and b from Germanic *thahsuz, badger, possibly from this root ("the animal that builds," referring to its burrowing skill) but more likely borrowed from the same pre-Indo-European source as the Celtic totemic name *Tazgo? (as in Gaulish Tazgo?, Gaelic Tadhg), originally "badger.".
            dassie 參見 [hyrax]

[Pokorny tek?T? 1058.]

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→4975 : tek?t- 編結 to plait ;?工_75

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      textual adj.本文的；按原文的
contextual adj.上下文的；前后關系的
contextually adv.根據上下文
subtlety n.微妙,精明
      subtly adv.隱隱約約地
      technicality n.專門性,學術性
      technically adv.技術上,學術上,工藝上
      technological a.科技的,工藝的
      technologically ad.科技地
      technologist n.技術專家,工藝學家,工藝人員

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?? 攏.145.tel?-:托舉支撐 To lift, support, weigh ; (根: lat, tal, toler, tla, tol, coll, phil, toll). To lift, support, weigh; with derivatives referring to measured weights and thence to money and payment. Oldest form *telh₂?.
Derivatives include tolerate, retaliate, tantalize, Atlas, translate, and extol.

1. Suffixed form *tel?-mon?. from Greek telamōn, supporter, bearer.
         telamon 忒拉蒙：阿爾戈英雄之一，埃阿斯的父親
2. Suffixed form *tel(?)-es?.
   1. from Greek telos, tax, charge;
            toll  n.(道路、橋等的)通行費；犧牲；死傷人數
            philately 集郵
   2. from Latin tolerāre, to bear, endure.
            tolerate vt.容忍,默許；對(藥物、毒品等)有耐力
3. Suffixed zero-grade form *tl??-i?. from Latin tāliō, reciprocal punishment in kind, possibly "something paid out," from *tali? (influenced by tālis, such).
         talion 同態復仇法：與所犯罪行相同的懲罰，如對謀殺者處以死刑
      retaliate v.報復
4. Suffixed variant zero-grade form *tala-nt?. from Greek talanton, balance, weight, any of several specific weights of gold or silver, hence the sum of money represented by such a weight.
         talent n.才能,天資;人才
5. Perhaps (but unlikely) intensive reduplicated form *tantal?. from Greek Tantalos, name of a legendary king, "the sufferer.".
    tantalize vt.逗弄,使干著急
    Tantalus 坦塔羅斯
6. Perhaps (but unlikely) zero-grade form *tl???. from Greek Atlās (stem Atlant?), name of the Titan supporting the world.
       Atlantic n.大西洋.a.大西洋的
       Atlas {希臘神話} 擎天神，阿特拉斯神：被宙斯降罪來用雙肩支撐蒼天的一個擎天神
7. Suffixed zero-grade form *tl??-to?. from Latin lātus, "carried, borne," used as the suppletive past participle of ferre, to bear (see bher- ¹), with its compounds.
     ablation 冰雪消融
     ablative 奪格
      allative 向格的：表示“向某地移動；趨向”的語法格的、與向格有關的或是向格的，如芬蘭語{stadionille} “向體育場”
         collate 核對
      dilatory 拖延的
       elate vt.使高興，使得意
       elative 從格的：在某些語言中表示從"某地移動，離開某地"的語法格的、與從格有關的或是從格的，如芬蘭語{hotellista} “離開旅館”
       illation 推理：進行邏輯推斷或探求結論的行為
       illative 推論的，與推理有關的，或具有推理的性質的
   legislator n.立法者，立法委員
     oblate n.獻身于修道院生活的人 adj.奉為神圣的，扁平的，扁圓的
    prelate 高級神職人員
    prolate 長橢圓形的：將橢圓圍繞其較長的軸自轉而產生的回轉橢球體形狀的
      relate v.敘述,講述;使互相關聯
   sublate 否定(否認；消除)
   superlative 最高級的
   translate v.翻譯，解釋；轉化，
8. Suffixed zero-grade form *tl??-ā?. from Sanskrit tulā, scales, balance, weight.
         tola  拖拉：在印度使用的一種重量單位，相當于一個銀盧比的重量（即11.7克或180金衡制格令）
9. Nasalized zero-grade form *tl?-n-??. from Latin tollere, to lift.
     extol  舉起來:vt.頌揚；贊美；贊頌

[Pokorny 1. tel? 1060.]

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→4977 : 1. tel-, tel?-, tlē(i)-, tlā- 承載，搬運；稱重，舉起 to bear, carry; weigh, lift up ;?行_22, ?行_61

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  ablate v.融化
      thole 槳架，槳栓

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   intolerable adj.無法忍受的；難耐的
   intolerably adv.不能忍受地,無法容忍地,到難耐的程度,無法忍受的程度
      tolerable adj.可容忍的
      tolerably adv.可容忍地,頗
      tolerance n.寬容；容忍,忍受；耐藥力；公差
      toleration n.容忍,默認,信仰自由,（對藥物等效應的）耐受性
   retaliation n.報復,報仇
   retaliatory 報復的，反擊的
      talentless adj.無能的
  ablate v.融化
    elated adj.興高采烈的；得意洋洋的
    elation n.興高采烈；得意洋洋
interrelate 相互的
interrelation n.相互關系
interrelationship n.相互關系
   related adj.敘述的,講述的,有關系的
   relation n.關系,聯系;親屬,親戚
   relational a.有關系的,親屬的
   relationship n.關系,聯系
   relative a.相對的,比較的,有關系的n.親戚,關系詞
   relatively adv.相對地，比較地
   relativism n.相對論,相對主義
   relativistic adj.相對論的
   relativity n.相關(性);相對論
   relativize vt.使相對化，把…視為相對物，相對論應用于
translatable adj.可譯的，可轉移的
translation n.翻譯;譯文,譯本
translational 平動，平移，直線
translator n.譯者；翻譯器

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?? 分.146.tem?-1:切割原子 To cut. (根: tom, tim, temp, tum, tem). Also tem?-.
To cut. (oldest form *temh₂?).

1. Form *tem??. Nasalized form *t(e)m-n-??. from Greek temnein, to cut, with o-grade forms tomos, cutting, a cut, section, volume, and tomē, a cutting.
         tmesis 分割插入法
         tome  切出來的部分:n.冊
        -tome 一部分；一區域；片，節：
        -tomy 表“切”：切，割的行為；切口 ：
   acrotomophilia 肢端嗜好癥
   anatomy 切開:n.解剖，解剖學，剖析
   apotemnophilia 無痛風癖
       atom  n.原子；微粒，微量
    diatom n.硅藻屬
   dichotomy 切成二n.二分法；兩分；分裂；雙歧分枝
     entomo- 昆蟲：
    epitome 在上面切:n.摘要，縮影
2. Form *tem?.
   1. Suffixed form *tem-lo?. from Latin templum, temple, shrine, open place for observation (augury term < "place reserved or cut out"), small piece of timber.
            temple n.廟宇,神殿,寺;太陽穴